Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries

The three decades following World War II were a period of rapidly increasing fishing effort and landings, but also of spectacular collapses, particularly in small pelagic fish stocks. This is also the period in which a toxic triad of catch underreporting, ignoring scientific advice and blaming the e...

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Published in:Scientia Marina
Main Author: Pauly, Daniel
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2009
Subjects:
IUU
Online Access:https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1055
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2215
id ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1055
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection Scientia Marina (E-Journal)
op_collection_id ftjscientiamarin
language English
topic conservation
overfishing
bycatch
IUU
management
quotas
historic changes
conservación
sobrepesca
captura incidental
INDNR
gestión
cuotas
cambios históricos
spellingShingle conservation
overfishing
bycatch
IUU
management
quotas
historic changes
conservación
sobrepesca
captura incidental
INDNR
gestión
cuotas
cambios históricos
Pauly, Daniel
Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
topic_facet conservation
overfishing
bycatch
IUU
management
quotas
historic changes
conservación
sobrepesca
captura incidental
INDNR
gestión
cuotas
cambios históricos
description The three decades following World War II were a period of rapidly increasing fishing effort and landings, but also of spectacular collapses, particularly in small pelagic fish stocks. This is also the period in which a toxic triad of catch underreporting, ignoring scientific advice and blaming the environment emerged as standard response to ongoing fisheries collapses, which became increasingly more frequent, finally engulfing major North Atlantic fisheries. The response to the depletion of traditional fishing grounds was an expansion of North Atlantic (and generally of northern hemisphere) fisheries in three dimensions: southward, into deeper waters and into new taxa, i.e. catching and marketing species of fish and invertebrates previously spurned, and usually lower in the food web. This expansion provided many opportunities for mischief, as illustrated by the European Union’s negotiated ‘agreements’ for access to the fish resources of Northwest Africa, China’s agreement-fee exploitation of the same, and Japan blaming the resulting resource declines on the whales. Also, this expansion provided new opportunities for mislabelling seafood unfamiliar to North Americans and Europeans, and misleading consumers, thus reducing the impact of seafood guides and similar effort toward sustainability. With fisheries catches declining, aquaculture—despite all public relation efforts—not being able to pick up the slack, and rapidly increasing fuel prices, structural changes are to be expected in both the fishing industry and the scientific disciplines that study it and influence its governance. Notably, fisheries biology, now predominantly concerned with the welfare of the fishing industry, will have to be converted into fisheries conservation science, whose goal will be to resolve the toxic triad alluded to above, and thus maintain the marine biodiversity and ecosystems that provide existential services to fisheries. Similarly, fisheries economists will have to get past their obsession with privatising fisheries resources, as their stated goal of providing the proper incentives to fishers can be achieved without giving away what are, after all, public resources. Overall, the crisis that fisheries are now going through can be seen as an opportunity to renew both their structure—away from fuel-intensive large-scale fisheries—and their governance, and to renew the disciplines which study fisheries, creating a fisheries conservation science in the process. Its greatest achievement will be the creation of a global network of Marine Protected Areas, which, as anticipated by Ramon Margalef, is the way to make controlled exploitation compatible with the continued existence of functioning marine ecosystems. Las tres décadas que siguieron a la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron un período de rápido incremento en el esfuerzo y la captura pesquera, pero también de colapsos espectaculares, principalmente de los estocs de peces pelágicos pequeños. Durante este periodo también apareció un ‘trío tóxico’, según el cual, declarar capturas inferiores a las reales, ignorar las sugerencias de la comunidad científica y culpabilizar al medio ambiente constituyeron la respuesta usual a los continuos colapsos pesqueros que, por ello, se volvieron más frecuentes, y acabaron por abarcar las principales pesquerías del Atlántico Norte. La respuesta a la disminución de los caladeros de pesca tradicionales fue una expansión de las pesquerías del Atlántico Norte (y del Hemisferio Norte en general) en tres dimensiones: hacia el sur, hacia aguas más profundas y a nuevos organismos, o sea, capturando y vendiendo especies de peces e invertebrados que antes se desechaban, y que generalmente pertenecen a niveles inferiores de la red trófica. Esta expansión ofreció muchas oportunidades para realizar disparates, como los “acuerdos” negociados por la Unión Europea para acceder a los recursos pesqueros del Noroeste de África, el acuerdo-cuota que permitía a China explotar la misma región, y el que Japón culpara a las ballenas por la resultante disminución de los recursos. Además esta expansión ofreció nuevas oportunidades para etiquetar mal a las especies poco conocidas por los norteamericanos o europeos, y engañar a los consumidores, reduciendo así el impacto de las guías de consumo de pescados y otros esfuerzos similares dirigidos hacia la sostenibilidad. Con las capturas pesqueras disminuyendo, la acuicultura – a pesar de todos los esfuerzos de relaciones públicas – siendo incapaz de compensar la pérdida, y el rápido incremento de los precios de combustibles, deben esperarse cambios tanto en la industria pesquera como en las disciplinas científicas que la estudian, e influyen en su gestión. En particular, la biología pesquera, ahora preocupada predominantemente por el bienestar de la industria pesquera, tendrá que convertirse a la ciencia de la conservación de las pesquerías, cuyo objetivo será el de resolver el ‘trío tóxico’ mencionado anteriormente, y así mantener la biodiversidad marina y de los ecosistemas que proveen servicios esenciales a las pesquerías. De manera similar, los economistas pesqueros deberán superar su obsesión por la privatización de los recursos pesqueros, dado que su objetivo declarado de proveer a los pescadores con incentivos adecuados puede ser logrado sin regalar lo que son, después de todo, recursos públicos. En términos generales, la crisis por la que están atravesando las pesquerías puede considerarse como una oportunidad para renovar su estructura – alejándose de las pesquerías a gran escala y con uso intensivo de combustible – y gestión, y renovar las disciplinas que estudian a las pesquerías, creando durante ese proceso una ciencia de conservación pesquera. Su mayor logro será la creación de una red mundial de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, lo cual, como lo anticipara Ramón Margalef, es la manera de establecer una explotación controlada, compatible con la existencia duradera del funcionamiento de los ecosistemas marinos.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Pauly, Daniel
author_facet Pauly, Daniel
author_sort Pauly, Daniel
title Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
title_short Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
title_full Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
title_fullStr Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
title_full_unstemmed Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
title_sort beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries
publisher Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
publishDate 2009
url https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1055
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2215
long_lat ENVELOPE(-64.167,-64.167,-65.183,-65.183)
ENVELOPE(17.421,17.421,66.587,66.587)
ENVELOPE(-62.898,-62.898,-64.294,-64.294)
geographic Ballenas
Allá
Trío
geographic_facet Ballenas
Allá
Trío
genre North Atlantic
genre_facet North Atlantic
op_source Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 No. 2 (2009); 215-224
Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 Núm. 2 (2009); 215-224
1886-8134
0214-8358
10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2
op_relation https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1055/1098
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op_rights Copyright (c) 2009 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
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spelling ftjscientiamarin:oai:scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es:article/1055 2023-05-15T17:37:18+02:00 Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries Más allá de la duplicidad y la ignorancia en las pesquerías globales Pauly, Daniel 2009-06-30 application/pdf https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1055 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2215 eng eng Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1055/1098 Alder, J., B. Campbell, V. Karpouzi, K. Kaschner and D. Pauly. – 2008. Forage fish: from Ecosystems to Markets. Ann. Rev. Envir. Res., 33: 153-166. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020807.143204 Alder, J. and D. Pauly (eds.). – 2006. On the multiple Uses of Forage Fish: from Ecosystem to Markets. Fish. Centre Res. Rep. 14(3): 1-109. Alder, J. and U.R. Sumaila. – 2004. Western Africa: a fish basket of Europe past and present. J. Env. Dev., 13: 156-178. doi:10.1177/1070496504266092 Bearzi, G.E. Politi, S. Agazzi and A. Azzelino. – 2006. Prey depletion caused by overfishing and the decline of marine megafauna in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters (central Mediterranean). Biol. Conserv., 127: 373-382. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.017 Beverton, R.J.H. 1990. Small pelagic fish and the threat of fishing: are they threatened? J. Fish Biol., (Suppl. A): 5-16. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05015.x Bonfil R, G. Munro, U.R. Sumaila, H. Valtysson, M. Wright, T.J.M, Pitcher, D. Preikshot, N. Haggan and D. Pauly. – 1998. Impacts of distant water fleets: an ecological, economic and social assessment. In: The footprint of distant water fleet on world fisheries. Endangered Seas Campaign, pp. 11-111, WWF International, Godalming, Surrey: Castillo, S. and J. Mendo 1987. – Estimation of unregistered Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) in official catch statistics, 1951 to 1982. In: D. Pauly and I. Tsukayama (eds.), The Peruvian anchoveta and its upwelling ecosystem: three decades of changes, pp. 109-116. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 15. Chavance, P., M. Ba, D. Gascuel, M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.). – 2004. Pêcheries maritimes, écosystèmes et sociétés en Afrique de l’Ouest : un demi-siècle de changement. Actes du symposium international, Dakar - Sénégal, 24-28 juin 2002. Office des publications officielles des communautés Européennes, XXXVI, collection des rapports de recherche halieutique ACPUE 15, 532 pp. Christensen V., S. Guénette, J.J. Heymans, C.J. Walters, R. Watson, D. Zeller and D. Pauly. – 2003. Hundred year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes. Fish Fish., 4: 1-24. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00103.x Clarke, S.C., M.K. McAllister, E.J. Milner-Gulland, G.P. Kirkwood, C.G.J. Michielsens, D.J. Agnew, E.D. Pikitch, H. Nakano and M.S. Shivji. – 2006. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecol. Lett., 9: 1115-1126. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00968.x Costello, C., S.D. Gaines and J. Lynham. – 2008. Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapses? Science, 321: 1678-1681. doi:10.1126/science.1159478 Cury, P.M., Y.-J Shin, B. Planque, J.M. Durant, J.-M. Fromentin, S. Kramer-Schadt, N.C Stenseth, M. Travers, and V. Grimm. – 2008. Ecosystem oceanography for global change in fisheries. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23: 338-346. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.005 Floyd, J. and D. Pauly. – 1984. Smaller size tuna around the Philippines - can fish aggregating devices be blamed? Infofish Marketing Digest 5/84: 25-27. Gelchu, A. and D. Pauly. 2007. Growth and distribution of portbased fishing effort within countries’ EEZ from 1970 to 1995. Fish. Centre Res. Rep., 15(4): 1-99. Gladwell, M. – 2000. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Little, Brown and Company, New York. Hardin, G. – 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162; 1243-1248. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 Hardin, G. – 1972. Exploring new ethics for survival: the voyage for the spaceship Beagle. The Viking Press, New York. Hilborn, R. – 2006. Faith-based fisheries. Fisheries, 31: 554-555. Hites, R.A., J.A. Foran, D.O. Carpenter, M.C. Hamilton, B.A. Knuth and S.J. Schwager. – 2004. Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon. Science, 303: 225-229. doi:10.1126/science.1091447 Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R. Cooke, J.A. Estes, T.P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J.M. Pandolfi, C.H. Peterson, R.S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner and R.R. Warner. – 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293: 629-638. doi:10.1126/science.1059199 Jacquet, J. and D. Pauly. – 2007. The Rise of Seafood Awareness Campaigns in an Era of Collapsing Fisheries. Mar. Policy, 31: 308-313. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2006.09.003 Jacquet J, and D. Pauly. – 2008. Trade secrets: renaming and mislabelling of seafood. Mar. Policy 32: 309-318. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.06.007 Jacquet, J. and D. Zeller. – 2007. National conflict and fisheries: reconstructing marine fisheries catches for Mozambique. In: D. Zeller and D. Pauly (eds.). Reconstruction of Marine Fisheries Catches for Key Countries and Regions (1950-2005). Fish. Centre Res. Rep., 15(2): 35-47 Kaczyinski, V.M. and D.L. Fluharty. – 2002. European policies in West Africa: who benefits from fisheries agreements? Mar . Policy, 26: 75-93. doi:10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00039-2 Kent, G. – 2003. Fish trade, food security, and the human right to adequate food. In: Report of the expert consultation on international fish trade and food security. Casablanca, Morocco, 27-30 January 2003, Rome. FAO Fish. Rep., 708: 49-70. Komatsu, M. and S. Misaki. – 2003. Whales and the Japanese: how we have come to live in harmony with the bounty of the sea. The Institute of Cetacean Research, Tokyo. 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Hydrobiologia, 616(1): 67-85. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9583-x Copyright (c) 2009 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 No. 2 (2009); 215-224 Scientia Marina; Vol. 73 Núm. 2 (2009); 215-224 1886-8134 0214-8358 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2 conservation overfishing bycatch IUU management quotas historic changes conservación sobrepesca captura incidental INDNR gestión cuotas cambios históricos info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed article Artículo revisado por pares 2009 ftjscientiamarin https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2215 https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020807.143204 https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496504266092 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.017 https://doi.org/1 2022-03-20T16:30:59Z The three decades following World War II were a period of rapidly increasing fishing effort and landings, but also of spectacular collapses, particularly in small pelagic fish stocks. This is also the period in which a toxic triad of catch underreporting, ignoring scientific advice and blaming the environment emerged as standard response to ongoing fisheries collapses, which became increasingly more frequent, finally engulfing major North Atlantic fisheries. The response to the depletion of traditional fishing grounds was an expansion of North Atlantic (and generally of northern hemisphere) fisheries in three dimensions: southward, into deeper waters and into new taxa, i.e. catching and marketing species of fish and invertebrates previously spurned, and usually lower in the food web. This expansion provided many opportunities for mischief, as illustrated by the European Union’s negotiated ‘agreements’ for access to the fish resources of Northwest Africa, China’s agreement-fee exploitation of the same, and Japan blaming the resulting resource declines on the whales. Also, this expansion provided new opportunities for mislabelling seafood unfamiliar to North Americans and Europeans, and misleading consumers, thus reducing the impact of seafood guides and similar effort toward sustainability. With fisheries catches declining, aquaculture—despite all public relation efforts—not being able to pick up the slack, and rapidly increasing fuel prices, structural changes are to be expected in both the fishing industry and the scientific disciplines that study it and influence its governance. Notably, fisheries biology, now predominantly concerned with the welfare of the fishing industry, will have to be converted into fisheries conservation science, whose goal will be to resolve the toxic triad alluded to above, and thus maintain the marine biodiversity and ecosystems that provide existential services to fisheries. Similarly, fisheries economists will have to get past their obsession with privatising fisheries resources, as their stated goal of providing the proper incentives to fishers can be achieved without giving away what are, after all, public resources. Overall, the crisis that fisheries are now going through can be seen as an opportunity to renew both their structure—away from fuel-intensive large-scale fisheries—and their governance, and to renew the disciplines which study fisheries, creating a fisheries conservation science in the process. Its greatest achievement will be the creation of a global network of Marine Protected Areas, which, as anticipated by Ramon Margalef, is the way to make controlled exploitation compatible with the continued existence of functioning marine ecosystems. Las tres décadas que siguieron a la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron un período de rápido incremento en el esfuerzo y la captura pesquera, pero también de colapsos espectaculares, principalmente de los estocs de peces pelágicos pequeños. Durante este periodo también apareció un ‘trío tóxico’, según el cual, declarar capturas inferiores a las reales, ignorar las sugerencias de la comunidad científica y culpabilizar al medio ambiente constituyeron la respuesta usual a los continuos colapsos pesqueros que, por ello, se volvieron más frecuentes, y acabaron por abarcar las principales pesquerías del Atlántico Norte. La respuesta a la disminución de los caladeros de pesca tradicionales fue una expansión de las pesquerías del Atlántico Norte (y del Hemisferio Norte en general) en tres dimensiones: hacia el sur, hacia aguas más profundas y a nuevos organismos, o sea, capturando y vendiendo especies de peces e invertebrados que antes se desechaban, y que generalmente pertenecen a niveles inferiores de la red trófica. Esta expansión ofreció muchas oportunidades para realizar disparates, como los “acuerdos” negociados por la Unión Europea para acceder a los recursos pesqueros del Noroeste de África, el acuerdo-cuota que permitía a China explotar la misma región, y el que Japón culpara a las ballenas por la resultante disminución de los recursos. Además esta expansión ofreció nuevas oportunidades para etiquetar mal a las especies poco conocidas por los norteamericanos o europeos, y engañar a los consumidores, reduciendo así el impacto de las guías de consumo de pescados y otros esfuerzos similares dirigidos hacia la sostenibilidad. Con las capturas pesqueras disminuyendo, la acuicultura – a pesar de todos los esfuerzos de relaciones públicas – siendo incapaz de compensar la pérdida, y el rápido incremento de los precios de combustibles, deben esperarse cambios tanto en la industria pesquera como en las disciplinas científicas que la estudian, e influyen en su gestión. En particular, la biología pesquera, ahora preocupada predominantemente por el bienestar de la industria pesquera, tendrá que convertirse a la ciencia de la conservación de las pesquerías, cuyo objetivo será el de resolver el ‘trío tóxico’ mencionado anteriormente, y así mantener la biodiversidad marina y de los ecosistemas que proveen servicios esenciales a las pesquerías. De manera similar, los economistas pesqueros deberán superar su obsesión por la privatización de los recursos pesqueros, dado que su objetivo declarado de proveer a los pescadores con incentivos adecuados puede ser logrado sin regalar lo que son, después de todo, recursos públicos. En términos generales, la crisis por la que están atravesando las pesquerías puede considerarse como una oportunidad para renovar su estructura – alejándose de las pesquerías a gran escala y con uso intensivo de combustible – y gestión, y renovar las disciplinas que estudian a las pesquerías, creando durante ese proceso una ciencia de conservación pesquera. Su mayor logro será la creación de una red mundial de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, lo cual, como lo anticipara Ramón Margalef, es la manera de establecer una explotación controlada, compatible con la existencia duradera del funcionamiento de los ecosistemas marinos. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Scientia Marina (E-Journal) Ballenas ENVELOPE(-64.167,-64.167,-65.183,-65.183) Allá ENVELOPE(17.421,17.421,66.587,66.587) Trío ENVELOPE(-62.898,-62.898,-64.294,-64.294) Scientia Marina 73 2 215 224