"What Makes the Indian Tick?" The Influence of Social Sciences on Canada's Indian Policy, 1947-1964

The continuing objective of state policy towards First Nations in Canada has been their assimilation into the dominant society. Until World War II the strategy had been to subjugate them through transparently harsh statutory and administrative measures. After the war, a new ostensibly more humane ap...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Shewell, Hugh
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Les Publications Histoire sociale - Social History Inc. 2001
Subjects:
Online Access:https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/view/4542
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Summary:The continuing objective of state policy towards First Nations in Canada has been their assimilation into the dominant society. Until World War II the strategy had been to subjugate them through transparently harsh statutory and administrative measures. After the war, a new ostensibly more humane approach to assimilation was introduced. An analysis of archival documents from the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs reveals the role of the social sciences in influencing this approach. Knowledge from the social sciences, applied to Indian policy, reflected the biases of modern liberalism. The social sciences pointed to the required direction of Indian adaptation — the market, individualism, self-reliance, and the family — and to what aspects of Indian culture had to change — collectivism, extended kinship, and gendered roles reflective of traditional rather than modern cultures. Although these state policies enjoyed wide public support, First Nations refused to be mere objects of science and research. La politique de l’État a toujours visé l’assimilation des Premières nations du Canada à la société dominante. Jusqu’à la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la stratégie avait été de les subjuguer par la prise de mesures législatives et administratives visiblement dures. Après la guerre, l’on a adopté une nouvelle approche ostensiblement plus humaine à l’assimilation. Une analyse de documents d’archives du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien révèle le rôle qu’ont joué les sciences sociales dans cette approche. Les connaissances des sciences sociales, appliquées à la politique relative aux Indiens, témoignaient de la partialité du libéralisme occidental. Les sciences sociales signalaient la voie à prendre pour assurer l’adaptation des Indiens — le marché, l’individualisme, l’autonomie et la famille — et les aspects de la culture indienne devant changer — le collectivisme, la parenté étendue et les rôles selon le sexe, reflet de cultures traditionnelles plutôt que modernes. Ces politiques de l’État ...