The Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a polymicrobial and multifactorial disease: state of knowledge and future directions

• Published in: Frontiers in Immunology
• Main Authors: Petton, Bruno, Destoumieux-Garzόn, Delphine, Pernet, Fabrice, Toulza, Eve, de Lorgeril, Julien, Degremont, Lionel, Mitta, Guillaume
• Other Authors: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SGMM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), ANR-14-CE19-0023,DECIPHER,Déchiffrage des maladies multifactorielles: cas des mortalités de l'huître(2014), ANR-19-CE20-0004,DECICOMP,Déchiffrer toute la complexité du syndrome de mortalité des huîtres du Pacifique pour modéliser le risque épidémiologique.(2019), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), ANR-10-LABX-0004,CeMEB,Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity(2010)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2021
• Subjects: Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome; polymicrobial disease; multifactorial disease; Crassostrea gigas; OsHV-1; opportunistic bacterial pathogens; [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health; [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology; Pacific oyster
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-03128446; https://hal.science/hal-03128446/document; https://hal.science/hal-03128446/file/Petton-2021-Frontiers-Pacific-MANUSCRIT2.pdf; https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.630343

International audience The Pacific oyster (Crassostreae gigas) has been introduced from Asia to numerous countries around the world during the 20th century. C. gigas is the main oyster species farmed worldwide, and represents more than 98% of oyster production. The severity of disease outbreaks that affect C. gigas, which primarily impact juvenile oysters, has increased dramatically since 2008. The most prevalent disease, Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS), has become panzootic and represents a threat to the oyster industry. Recently, major steps towards understanding POMS have been achieved through integrative molecular approaches. These studies demonstrated that infection by Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 µVar (OsHV-1 µvar) is the first critical step in the infectious process, and leads to an immunocompromised state by altering hemocyte physiology. This is followed by dysbiosis of the microbiota, which leads to a secondary colonization by opportunistic bacterial pathogens, which in turn results in oyster death. Host and environmental factors (e.g. oyster genetics and age, temperature, food availability, and microbiota) have been shown to influence POMS permissiveness. However, we still do not understand the mechanisms by which these different factors control disease expression. The present review discusses current knowledge of this polymicrobial and multifactorial disease process, and explores the research avenues that must be investigated to fully elucidate the complexity of POMS. These discoveries will help in decision-making, and will facilitate the development of tools and applied innovations for the sustainable and integrated management of oyster aquaculture.