Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis

• Main Authors: Niemi, J. V., Saarikoski, S., Tervahattu, H., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., Vehkamäki, H., Sogacheva, L., Kulmala, M.
• Other Authors: Division of Population Biology, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Nordic Envicon Ltd., Department of Physics Helsinki, Falculty of Science Helsinki, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2006
• Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean; Atmosphere; Arctic; Arctic Ocean
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-00301999; https://hal.science/hal-00301999/document; https://hal.science/hal-00301999/file/acpd-6-6753-2006.pdf

International audience Aerosol samples were collected at a rural background site in southern Finland in May 2004. The elemental composition, morphology and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in three size fractions were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses. The TEM/EDX results were complemented with the size-segregated bulk chemical measurements of selected ions and organic and elemental carbon. Many of the particles in PM 0.2?1 and PM 1?3.3 size fractions were strongly internally mixed with S, C and/or N. The major particle types in all PM 0.2?1 samples were ammonium sulphates with/without carbon and dark inclusion(s) (number proportion of particles 54?86%), carbon/sulphate mixture with dark inclusions(s) (4?10%), internally mixed soot/sulphate particles (2?22%), soot (0?12%) and K-rich particles with S and/or C (0?9%). During the pollution episode (PM 1.6 ~18 ?g m ?3 , the proportion of Ca-rich particles was very high (26?48%) in the PM 1?3.3 and PM 3.3?11 samples, while the PM 0.2?1 and PM 1?3.3 samples contained elevated proportions of silicates (22?33%, also fly ash particles), metal oxides/hydroxides (1?9%) and tar balls (1?4%). These aerosols originated mainly from polluted areas of Eastern Europe, and some open biomass burning smoke was also brought by long-range transport. During the clean period (PM 1.6 ~2 ?g m ?3 , when air masses arrived from the Arctic Ocean, PM 1?3.3 samples contained mainly sea salt particles (67?89%) with a variable rate of Cl substitution (mainly by NO 3 ? . During the intermediate period (PM 1.6 ~5 ?g m ?3 , the PM 1?3.3 sample contained porous (sponge-like) Na-rich particles (35%) with abundant S, K and O. They might originate from the burning of wood pulp wastes of paper industry. The proportion of biological particles and C-rich fragments (probably also biological origin) were highest in the PM 3.3?11 samples (0?81% and 0?22%, respectively). The origin of different particle types and the ...