Atmospheric impact of the 1783?1784 Laki eruption: Part I Chemistry modelling

• Main Authors: Stevenson, D. S., Johnson, C. E., Highwood, E. J., Gauci, V., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G.
• Other Authors: Institute for Meteorology Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Met Office Exeter, Department of Meteorology, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Milton Keynes, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Milton Keynes, The Open University Milton Keynes (OU)-The Open University Milton Keynes (OU)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2003
• Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean; Atmosphere; Greenland; Laki; Greenland ice cores; Iceland
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-00295255; https://hal.science/hal-00295255/document; https://hal.science/hal-00295255/file/acp-3-487-2003.pdf

International audience Results from the first chemistry-transport model study of the impact of the 1783?1784 Laki fissure eruption (Iceland: 64°N, 17°W) upon atmospheric composition are presented. The eruption released an estimated 61 Tg(S) as SO 2 into the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The model has a high resolution tropopause region, and detailed sulphur chemistry. The simulated SO 2 plume spreads over much of the Northern Hemisphere, polewards of ~40°N. About 70% of the SO 2 gas is directly deposited to the surface before it can be oxidised to sulphuric acid aerosol. The main SO 2 oxidants, OH and H 2 O 2 , are depleted by up to 40% zonally, and the lifetime of SO 2 consequently increases. Zonally averaged tropospheric SO 2 concentrations over the first three months of the eruption exceed 20 ppbv, and sulphuric acid aerosol reaches ~2 ppbv. These compare to modelled pre-industrial/present-day values of 0.1/0.5 ppbv SO 2 and 0.1/1.0 ppbv sulphate. A total sulphuric acid aerosol yield of 17?22 Tg(S) is produced. The mean aerosol lifetime is 6?10 days, and the peak aerosol loading of the atmosphere is 1.4?1.7 Tg(S) (equivalent to 5.9?7.1 Tg of hydrated sulphuric acid aerosol). These compare to modelled pre-industrial/present-day sulphate burdens of 0.28/0.81 Tg(S), and lifetimes of 6/5 days, respectively. Due to the relatively short atmospheric residence times of both SO 2 and sulphate, the aerosol loading approximately mirrors the temporal evolution of emissions associated with the eruption. The model produces a reason-able simulation of the acid deposition found in Greenland ice cores. These results appear to be relatively insensitive to the vertical profile of emissions assumed, although if more of the emissions reached higher levels (>12 km), this would give longer lifetimes and larger aerosol yields. Introducing the emissions in episodes generates similar results to using monthly mean emissions, because the atmospheric lifetimes are similar to the repose periods between episodes. Most previous ...