Povijest, ekonomski i društveni život Bosanskih Hrvata u okolici Pečuha

• Main Author: Šarošac, Đuro; Dorottya Kanizsai Museum, Mohács, Hungary
• Format: Text
• Language: Croatian
• Published: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies 1990
• Subjects: Bosanski Hrvati; Mađarska; Pečuh; Bosnian Croats; Pécs; Hungary; Niemet; Sela; Yoke; sami
• Online Access: http://hrcak.srce.hr/127687; http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/188526

Autor nam preko arhivske i na terenu sakupljene građe predstavlja Bosanske Hrvate – Bošnjake, kako su se sami prozvali, jer pretežno dođoše iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Iako se u literaturi mogu naći dva oprečna mišljenja o njihovu dolasku: jedno da su na tlu Baranje živjeli još prije Mađara, a drugo da dođoše u 17. stoljeću, sada znamo da svi nisu bili starosjedioci i da su se u Baranju doselili u tri navrata, uglavnom predvođeni franjevcima. Prva je seoba počela poslije mongolske najezde i nastavila se raspadom Bosne i Hercegovine, poslije Mohačke bitke (1526). Drugu su potakli Turci, koji su ih milom ili silom doseljavali, a treća pada između 1686. i 1690, poslije istjerivanja Turaka, a potakli su je zemljoposjednici koji su trebali radnu snagu za svoja opustjela imanja. Točan popis stanovnika može se pratiti od 1695. Naselja su bila raštrkana, nalaze se u blizini vode. Ni sređivanje nije moglo bitno promijeniti oblik tih sela. Kuće su pravljene od drveta, kasnije od naboja i prijesne cigle. Bojadisani namještaj pojavio se na početku 19. stoljeća. Na izgradnju sela (urbanizacija); birtija, mesarnica, hladenca, dućan – vlastelin je posebnu pažnju posvetio. Uvjeti gospodarstva ništa nisu bili povoljniji nego kod ostalih baranjskih sela. Pretežno su bili zemljoradnici, a ni stočarstvo nije imalo manju ulogu. Ne postoji činjenica da su zemljoradnju i vinogradarstvo podredili stočarstvu. Vrtlarstvo na oranici im je bilo čuveno još u 19. stoljeću. Osim obitelji, i selo se pobrinulo za samoopskrbu: imaju svoje vodenice, kovače, kolare, brijače itd. Sakupljanje plodova i lov u prehrani su tokom dugih stoljeća imali bitnu ulogu. S razvojem gospodarstva promijenila se i prehrana, odnosno način pripremanja hrane. Prvi točan odgovor o slojevima sela dobit će iz urbanskih listova iz 1767. godine kada su postali vječiti kmetovi. Oslobađanje kmetova (1848) nije prekinulo postojeće razlike u slojevima i u imanju iako su .pojedini kmetovi dobili zemlje. Bosanski Hrvati izuzetna prava i posebne povlastice nikad nisu imali. Teških 20 godina je trajalo dok su zemljoposjednici uspjeli slomiti kmetove i na-tovariti im vječiti kmetski jaram. Prve škole su osnovane pored župa – imale su okružni zadatak. Prva škola je u Nijemetu otvorena 1765. Otvaranje škole sve do 1845. sprečavalo je i gledište crkvenih i županijskih vlasti: »Hrvati od njihovog osnivanja ne vole škole. od svog rođenja mrze slova.« Bosanski Hrvati u okolici Pečuha uvijek su bili katolici. Pripadali su egračkoj, kesujskoj i nijemetskoj župi. Veći dio Bošnjaka i danas živi na selu: jedan dio je zaposlen u pečuškim tvornicama, samo manji dio radi u poljoprivrednim zadrugama. The author uses archival material and material gathered during field research to present the situation of Bosnian Croats around Pécs. After the war years 1685–1711 they once more became an ethnic group. They preserved their language owing to their family and village communities. Their arrival was mainly organized by Franciscans. Among experts from the two countries, some emphasize that the Croats were partially here already at the time of the arrival of the Magyars, while a few link their arrival to the Turkish conquest of the area. Exact population-census figures can be discerned only after 1695. Settlements were scattered, located near source of water. Later ordering did not essentially change the form of these villages. Houses were made of wood, later out of pressed crude bricks. Painted furniture appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. The estate owner paid special attention to the development of the villages (urbanization): taverns, butcher shops, cold houses, stores. Economic conditions were not more favorable than in other villages of Baranja. People were mainly farmers, and stock-raising also had an important role. Farming and wine-growing were not suppressed by stock-raising. Horticulture was renowned already in the 19th century. Besides the family, the village also took care to attend to its needs: it had its own malls, blacksmith, wheelwright and barber shop. Hunting and gathering had an important role throughout the centuries. With economic development diet, and the way of preparing food changed. The first exact answer on village social stratification is given by the feudal lists of 1767, which show that perpetual serfdom among the Croats had ceased. Yet in essence freedom for serfs (1848) did not eliminate existing differences in social strata and in possessions, although some serfs did receive land. Bosnian Croats never had exceptional rights nor privileges. It took a difficult twenty years before landowners succeeded in breaking the serfs and placing upon them their yoke. The first schools were founded in the parishes and had regional task. The first school was opened in Niemet in 1765. Till 1845 church and district authori-ties hindered the opening of schools claiming that: “Croats do not like schools from the beginning. from when they are born they hate letters.” Bosnian Croats in the vicinity of Pécs were always Catholics. They belonged to the parishes of Egracs, Kesuj and Niemet. Women always took care of the religious life in families. The majority of the Bošnjaks still live in villages: a part is employed in the factories of Pécs; only a smaller part work in agricultural co-operatives.