| Summary: | Marine food should be a renewable resource for humans. However, world fish catches have peaked since the 1990s, despite increase in aquaculture production. Fish provide more than 2.9 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein intake (FAO, 2009). Tuna (Thunnus spp.) abundance decreased severely by overfishing since the 1980s (Myers and Worm, 2003). Bluefin tuna (T. thynnus) is already listed as a 'critical species' in the IUCN. Although production from aquaculture is increasing worldwide, many aquaculture programs cause destruction of aquatic ecosystems, such as destruction of mangrove forests due to the introduction of shrimp aquaculture over the last 20 years in Eastern Asia (Primavera et al., 2005), marine pollution and threats to marine food security (e.g. contaminants in farmed Atlantic salmon; Hites et al., 2004). Traditional fisheries science considers only fisheries, some consequences of which include fishing down marine food webs (Pauly et al., 1998), overfishing of tuna, tragedy of the commons, food mileage, ecosystem crashes and food pollution. A paradigm shift is needed from traditional fisheries science to a new ecological fisheries science and oceanography for protection of ocean ecosystems and human seafood resources for the well being of future generations. The objective of this presentation is to consider risk management, including adaptive management and precautionary principles based on the ecosystem approach for protecting marine ecosystem and seafood security. Carrying capacity and long-term climate change: Population dynamics of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are directly affected by a number of stresses (climatic and human impacts) that need to be considered within an ecosystem context. A significant positive correlation was observed between the Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI) and carrying capacity at the species level. Residual carrying capacity was significantly positively correlated with body size and negatively related to age at maturity in chum salmon (O. keta) as ...
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