| Summary: | References Connaughton, M.A., and Taylor M.H. (1995). “Seasonal and daily cycles in sound production associated with spawning in the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis.� Env. Biol. Fishes 42, 233–240. Holt, S. A. (2008). “Distribution of Red Drum Spawning Sites Identified by a Towed Hydrophone Array�. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 137, 551-561. Luczkovich, J. J., Rulifson, R.A., Sprague M.W. (In Press). “Listening to Ocean Life: Monitoring Fish, Marine Mammal Sounds with Wave Glider.� Sea Technology. Luczkovich, J.J., Pullinger, R. C., Johnson, S. E. and Sprague, M. W. (2008). “Identifying Sciaenid Critical Spawning Habitats by the Use of Passive Acoustics�. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137, 576–605. Remote observations of marine animal behavior have one distinct advantage over direct observations: the observer is not present to disturb the animals. There are no vessel noises, no diver’s bubbles, no people present that could alter the behavior of the animals being observed. Because fishes and marine mammals are known sound producers, these animals’ location while producing sounds during a mobile survey can be recorded, and their species identity determined; in some cases, their behavior can be associated with specific sounds. We used Blackbeard the Acoustic Wave Glider (AWG) to conduct affordable, mobile, long-term passive acoustic monitoring of marine animals and the coastal ocean acoustic environment off North Carolina. (Luczkovich et al., in press). Passive acoustic methods from fixed recording platforms have been used previously to document spawning locations of weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, and other fishes in the drum family Sciaenidae in estuarine environments (Luczkovich et al. 2008). Others have demonstrated that sciaenid fishes make spawning “drumming� calls outside the inlets on the continental shelf (Conaughton and Taylor, 1995; Holt, 2008). However, “chattering� sounds that were reported offshore by Conaughton and Taylor (1995) were actually later shown to be due to striped cusk-eels, ...
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