Utility Distribution Systems in Sweden, Finland, Norway and England

• Main Authors: Aamot, Haldor W., Lobacz, E. F., Wuori, A. F., McFadden, Terry T.
• Other Authors: COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 1976
• Subjects: Air Condition; Heating; Lighting & Ventilating; Water Pollution and Control; *PUBLIC UTILITIES; *COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS; TUNNELS; PIPES; SNOW; ICE; ADVERSE CONDITIONS; PIPELINES; WASTE DISPOSAL; NORWAY; UNITED KINGDOM; REMOTE SYSTEMS; SWEDEN; ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS; WATER SUPPLIES; ELECTRIC CABLES; FINLAND; HEAT PIPES; SEWAGE DISPOSAL; UNDERGROUND; PERMAFROST; TELEVISION CAMERAS; ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION; TRANSMISSION LINES; FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY; ELECTRICAL NETWORKS; AST06; PE62719A; WU003; Norway; Ice; permafrost
• Online Access: http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA035088; http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA035088

The study reports on new developments and special problems or solutions in water distribution systems, sewage and solid waste transport systems, heat distribution systems and electric transmission systems. Cold weather considerations are highlighted. For water and sewage systems, the use of ductile iron and plastic materials for pipes is reported. The use of heating, insulating or shielding of the pipes for frost protection is of interest. Some developments in tunneling technology were identified. Pneumatic solid waste collection and vacuum sewage collection represent new developments. For heat distribution, the many different types of pipe and insulation systems used are described. Good moisture control in insulation is emphasized. Developments in long distance heat transmission are discussed. With electric distribution, the use of self-supporting aerial cables is a new development. With transmission, problems of icing and countermeasures are discussed.