THE APPLICATION OF SEISMOMETERS TO ARCTIC ASW - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

In ice-covered waters the usefulness of hydrophones is limited by the necessity to create or to locate openings through which the sensors can enter the water. But ability to detect submarines in Arctic waters is important. For this reason the effectiveness of an on-ice sensor, namely, the geophone,...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Goldstein, Norman E.
Other Authors: STANFORD RESEARCH INST MENLO PARK CA NAVAL WARFARE RESEARCH CENTER
Format: Text
Language:English
Published: 1967
Subjects:
Snow
Ice and Permafrost
Undersea and Antisubmarine Warfare
Acoustics
*SEISMOMETERS
*ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE
DETECTION
DETECTORS
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
SHALLOW WATER
FEASIBILITY STUDIES
SOUND TRANSMISSION
BACKGROUND
NOISE
HYDROPHONES
ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT
RANGE(DISTANCE)
DEEP WATER
UNDERWATER SOUND
SEA ICE
PERIODIC VARIATIONS
EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
ARCTIC OCEAN
SUBMARINE NOISE
SUPERLOW FREQUENCY
MEASUREMENT
VIBRATION
GEOPHONES
SUMMER
WINTER
Arctic
Arctic Ocean
Ice
permafrost
Sea ice
ice covered waters
Online Access:http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0380954
http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0380954
Description
Summary:In ice-covered waters the usefulness of hydrophones is limited by the necessity to create or to locate openings through which the sensors can enter the water. But ability to detect submarines in Arctic waters is important. For this reason the effectiveness of an on-ice sensor, namely, the geophone, has been studied analytically toward the assessment of its feasibility. Comparisons were made between meager measurements of ice noise reported in the literature and signal levels calculated from normal mode theory. The studies indicate that a submarine emitting one-watt or more at 7 or 8 Hz, a frequency range of low natural noise, might be detectable at a range of 1 km and possibly as large as 30 km. Noise data is lacking particularly for shallow water areas, where the geophone seems most useful, and experimental measurements are recommended using three component geophones. No matter what the signal-to-noise ratio, array processing can be used to enhance the probability of recognizing a submarine. However, the acoustic environment causes dispersive waves and this would add to the operational difficulties.

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