Long-Term Residential Exposure to Particulate Matter and Its Components, Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone—A Northern Sweden Cohort Study on Mortality

This study aims to estimate the mortality risk associated with air pollution in a Swedish cohort with relatively low exposure. Air pollution models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), primary emitted carbonaceous partic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Main Authors: Johan N. Sommar, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Jørgen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Bertil Forsberg
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021
Subjects:
air pollution components
carbonaceous particles
secondary inorganic aerosols
secondary organic aerosols
sea salt
mortality
Medicine
R
Northern Sweden
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168476
https://doaj.org/article/e886c7402da546448ade39aa7240b4c5
Description
Summary:This study aims to estimate the mortality risk associated with air pollution in a Swedish cohort with relatively low exposure. Air pollution models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), primary emitted carbonaceous particles (BC/pOC), sea salt, chemically formed particles grouped as secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIA and SOA) as well as ozone (O 3 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The exposure, as a moving average was calculated based on home address for the time windows 1 year (lag 1), 1–5 years (lag 1–5) and 1–10 years (lag 1–10) preceding the death. During the study period, 1151 cases of natural mortality, 253 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 113 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed during 369,394 person-years of follow-up. Increased natural mortality was observed in association with NO 2 (3% [95% CI −8–14%] per IQR) and PM 2.5 (2% [95% CI −5–9%] for an IQR increase) and its components, except for SOA where a decreased risk was observed. Higher risk increases were observed for CVD mortality (e.g., 18% [95% CI 1–39%] per IQR for NO 2 ). These findings at low exposure levels are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.

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