Severity Scoring of Behavioral Responses of Sperm Whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) to Novel Continuous versus Conventional Pulsed Active Sonar

Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) have demonstrated that naval pulsed active sonar (PAS) can induce costly behavioral responses in cetaceans similar to antipredator responses. New generation continuous active sonars (CAS) emit lower amplitude levels but more continuous signals. We conducted CEE...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Main Authors: Charlotte Curé, Saana Isojunno, Marije L. Siemensma, Paul J. Wensveen, Célia Buisson, Lise D. Sivle, Benjamin Benti, Rune Roland, Petter H. Kvadsheim, Frans-Peter A. Lam, Patrick J. O. Miller
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021
Subjects:
behavioral response studies
severity scoring of responses
controlled exposure experiments
cetaceans
Physeter macrocephalus
continuous naval sonar
Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
VM1-989
Oceanography
GC1-1581
Norway
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040444
https://doaj.org/article/a2dfb5c083f340a28512a8bc3c16e9fa
Description
Summary:Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) have demonstrated that naval pulsed active sonar (PAS) can induce costly behavioral responses in cetaceans similar to antipredator responses. New generation continuous active sonars (CAS) emit lower amplitude levels but more continuous signals. We conducted CEEs with PAS, CAS and no-sonar control on free-ranging sperm whales in Norway. Two panels blind to experimental conditions concurrently inspected acoustic-and-movement-tag data and visual observations of tagged whales and used an established severity scale (0–9) to assign scores to putative responses. Only half of the exposures elicited a response, indicating overall low responsiveness in sperm whales. Responding whales (10 of 12) showed more, and more severe responses to sonar compared to no-sonar. Moreover, the probability of response increased when whales were previously exposed to presence of predatory and/or competing killer or long-finned pilot whales. Various behavioral change types occurred over a broad range of severities (1–6) during CAS and PAS. When combining all behavioral types, the proportion of responses to CAS was significantly higher than no-sonar but not different from PAS. Responses potentially impacting vital rates i.e., with severity ≥4, were initiated at received cumulative sound exposure levels (dB re 1 μPa 2 s) of 137–177 during CAS and 143–181 during PAS.

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