Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)

Steatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Aquaculture Nutrition
Main Authors: Åshild Krogdahl, Elvis M. Chikwati, Aleksei Krasnov, Anusha Dhanasiri, Gerd M. Berge, Violetta Aru, Bekzod Khakimov, Søren Balling Engelsen, Hilde Vinje, Trond M. Kortner
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Hindawi-Wiley 2023
Subjects:
Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling
SH1-691
Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5422035
https://doaj.org/article/468ccd9acdde46168b7113036e9d76fc
Description
Summary:Steatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fishmeal (FM) levels (8 levels from 0 to 40%) and supplementation (Suppl) with a mixture of choline (3.0 g/kg), β-glucan (0.5 g/kg), and nucleotides (0.5 g/kg) might reduce the symptoms. Salmon (186 g) were fed for 62 days in 16 saltwater tanks before samples were taken from 12 fish per tank for observation of biochemical, molecular, metabolome, and microbiome indicators of function and health. Steatosis but no inflammation was observed. Lipid digestibility increased and steatosis decreased with increasing FM levels and supplementation, seemingly related to choline level. Blood metabolites confirmed this picture. Genes in intestinal tissue affected by FM levels are mainly involved in metabolic and structural functions. Only a few are immune genes. The supplement reduced these FM effects. In gut digesta, increasing FM levels increased microbial richness and diversity, and changed the composition, but only for unsupplemented diets. An average choline requirement of 3.5 g/kg was indicated for Atlantic salmon at the present life stage and under the present condition.

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