Superior protection in a relapsing Plasmodium cynomolgi rhesus macaque model by a chemoprophylaxis with sporozoite immunization regimen with atovaquone-proguanil followed by primaquine

• Published in: Malaria Journal
• Main Authors: Kosol Yongvanitchit, Utaiwan Kum-Arb, Amporn Limsalakpetch, Rawiwan Im-Erbsin, Ratawan Ubalee, Michele D. Spring, Brian A. Vesely, Norman Waters, Sathit Pichyangkul
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2024
• Subjects: Relapsing Plasmodium cynomolgi rhesus macaque model; Chemoprophylaxis with sporozoite immunization; Atovaquone-proguanil; Sporozoite-specific T cell responses; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine; RC955-962; Infectious and parasitic diseases; RC109-216; Arctic
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04933-y; https://doaj.org/article/40f8354ee28a4652814b67e54051f7b8

Abstract Background To gain a deeper understanding of protective immunity against relapsing malaria, this study examined sporozoite-specific T cell responses induced by a chemoprophylaxis with sporozoite (CPS) immunization in a relapsing Plasmodium cynomolgi rhesus macaque model. Methods The animals received three CPS immunizations with P. cynomolgi sporozoites, administered by mosquito bite, while under two anti-malarial drug regimens. Group 1 (n = 6) received artesunate/chloroquine (AS/CQ) followed by a radical cure with CQ plus primaquine (PQ). Group 2 (n = 6) received atovaquone-proguanil (AP) followed by PQ. After the final immunization, the animals were challenged with intravenous injection of 104 P. cynomolgi sporozoites, the dose that induced reliable infection and relapse rate. These animals, along with control animals (n = 6), were monitored for primary infection and subsequent relapses. Immunogenicity blood draws were done after each of the three CPS session, before and after the challenge, with liver, spleen and bone marrow sampling and analysis done after the challenge. Results Group 2 animals demonstrated superior protection, with two achieving protection and two experiencing partial protection, while only one animal in group 1 had partial protection. These animals displayed high sporozoite-specific IFN-γ T cell responses in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow after the challenge with one protected animal having the highest frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+, IFN-γ+ CD4+, and IFN-γ+ γδ T cells in the liver. Partially protected animals also demonstrated a relatively high frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+, IFN-γ+ CD4+, and IFN-γ+ γδ T cells in the liver. It is important to highlight that the second animal in group 2, which experienced protection, exhibited deficient sporozoite-specific T cell responses in the liver while displaying average to high T cell responses in the spleen and bone marrow. Conclusions This research supports the notion that local liver T cell immunity plays a crucial role in defending against ...