Prevalence and clinical associations of wheezes and crackles in the general population: the Tromsø study

• Main Authors: J. Aviles-Solis, C. Jácome, A. Davidsen, R. Einarsen, S. Vanbelle, H. Pasterkamp, H. Melbye
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: figshare 2019
• Subjects: Medicine; Biotechnology; Immunology; FOS Clinical medicine; 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified; FOS Mathematics; Cancer; Tromsø
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4663289.v1; https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Prevalence_and_clinical_associations_of_wheezes_and_crackles_in_the_general_population_the_Troms_study/4663289/1

Abstract Background Wheezes and crackles are well-known signs of lung diseases, but can also be heard in apparently healthy adults. However, their prevalence in a general population has been sparsely described. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of wheezes and crackles in a large general adult population and explore associations with self-reported disease, smoking status and lung function. Methods We recorded lung sounds in 4033 individuals 40 years or older and collected information on self-reported disease. Pulse oximetry and spirometry were carried out. We estimated age-standardized prevalence of wheezes and crackles and associations between wheezes and crackles and variables of interest were analyzed with univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. Results Twenty-eight percent of individuals had wheezes or crackles. The age-standardized prevalence of wheezes was 18.6% in women and 15.3% in men, and of crackles, 10.8 and 9.4%, respectively. Wheezes were mostly found during expiration and crackles during inspiration. Significant predictors of expiratory wheezes in multivariable analyses were age (10 years increase - OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.09–1.30), female gender (1.45, 1.2–1.8), self-reported asthma (1.36, 1.00–1.83), and current smoking (1.70, 1.28–2.23). The most important predictors of inspiratory crackles were age (1.76, 1.57–1.99), current smoking, (1.94, 1.40–2.69), mMRC ≥2 (1.79, 1.18–2.65), SpO2 (0.88, 0.81–0.96), and FEV1 Z-score (0.86, 0.77–0.95). Conclusions Nearly over a quarter of adults present adventitious lung sounds on auscultation. Age was the most important predictor of adventitious sounds, particularly crackles. The adventitious sounds were also associated with self-reported disease, current smoking and measures of lung function. The presence of findings in two or more auscultation sites was associated with a higher risk of decreased lung function than solitary findings.