MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES OF THE CRUS OF THE BROWN BEAR (URSOS ARCTOS)

• Main Authors: Ruzhanova-Gospodinova, Iliana, Georgiev, Georgi I., Georgiev, Ilian, Hristakiev, Lubomir
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Zenodo 2022
• Subjects: brown bear,; arteries,; veins,; nerves,; crus; Hudson; St. Louis; Morton; Ferguson; Wilkins; McCarthy; Dahle; Snell; Hermanson; Enke; Ursus arctos; Ursus maritimus
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6380107; https://zenodo.org/record/6380107

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the major arteries, veins, and nerves of the crus in the brown bear through macro anatomical dissection and contrast radiography. The pelvic limbs of 4 bears were included in the study. The limbs were removed from the trunk and the vessels and nerves were dissected and photographed. For the radiography barium sulfas solution was introduced through the femoral artery and im-ages in cranio-caudal and medio-lateral projection were made. The main arteries, veins and nerves and their branches supplying the structures of the crural region were identified and compared to the dog, cat and human. : {"references": ["Budras K., P. McCarthy, W. Fricke, R. Richter. (2007). Anatomy of the dog, 5th revised edition. Schlutersche, Germany, 16\u201325, 76\u201384", "Castellanos A. (2011). Andean bear home ranges in the Intag region, Ecuador. Ursus 22, 65\u201373", "Dahle B, Swenson JE. (2003). Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears Ursus arctos. J Anim Ecol 72, 660\u2013667.", "Dog\u0103roiu, C., D. Dermengiu & V.Viorel. (2012). Forensic comparison between bear hind paw and human feet. Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine. 20, 131\u2013134.", "Ferguson SH, Taylor MK, Born EW, et al. (1999). Determinants of home range size for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Ecol Lett 2, 311\u2013318.", "Georgiev G. I. (2014). \u041corphologic stadies of the dog`s autopodium blood supply. PhD Thesis, University of Forestry, Sofia, 267, (BG).", "Georgiev G. I. (2020). Examination methods for blood vessels, caudal vena cava and portal system in dogs. Intel Entrance, Sofia, 109, (BG).", "Hermanson J. W., Evans, H., A. Lahunta. (2020). Miller's anatomy of the dog, 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Sanders and Elsevier, 469\u2013493.", "Hudson L. C., Hamilton W. P. (2010). Atlas of Feline Anatomy for veterinarians, 2nd edition. Teton NewMedia, 108\u2013110", "Hwang MH, Garshelis DL, Wu YH, et al. (2010). Home ranges of Asiatic black bears in the Central Mountains of Taiwan: gauging whether a reserve is big enough. Ursus 21, 81\u201396.", "Koehler GM, Pierce DJ. (2003). Black bear home-range sizes in Washington: climatic, vegetative, and social influences. J Mammal 84, 81\u201391.", "Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. (2017). International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature, Hanover (Germany), Ghent (Belgium), Columbia, MO (U.S.A.), Rio de Janeiro (Bra-zil), 6th edition. 91\u2013166.", "Ruzhanova-Gospodinova, I. S. (2021). Morphological studies on the blood and lymph vessels of the elbow and stifle region in the dog. PhD Thesis, University of Forestry, Sofia, 213. (BG)", "Sasaki, M., Endo, H., Wiig, \u00d8., Derocher, A.E., Tsubota, T., Taru, H., Yamamoto, M., Arishima, K., Hayashi, Y., Kitamura, N. and Yamada, J. (2005). Adaptation of the hindlimbs for climbing in bears. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 187(2), 153\u2013160", "Schaller, O. (2007). Angiology, Arteries, Illustrated veterinary anatomical nomenclature, 2nd edi-tion. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 324\u2013325.", "Sebastiani, A. M., Fishbeck D. W. (2005). Mammalian Anatomy: The Cat, 2nd edition. Morton Pub-lishing Company, 145\u2013151.", "Sienkiewicz T, Sergiel A, Huber D, Maslak R, Wrzosek M, Podg\u00f3rski P, \u00b4 Reljic S and Pa \u00b4 sko \u0141. (2019). The Brain \u00b4 Anatomy of the Brown Bear (Carnivora, Ursus arctos L., 1758) Compared to That of Other Carnivorans: A Cross-Sectional Study Using MRI. Front. Neuroanat. 13\u201379.", "Snell, R. S. (2011). Clinical anatomy by regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 437, 479-486.", "Tomiyasu, J., Kondoh, D., Sakamoto, H., Matsumoto, N., Sasaki, M., Kitamura, N., & Matsui, M. (2017). Morphological and histological features of the vomeronasal organ in the brown bear. Jour-nal of anatomy, 231(5), 749\u2013757", "Vodenicharov, A. (2021). Angiology. In: Anatomy of Domestic Animals, vol. 3, 6th edition. eds G. Kovachev, G. D. Georgiev & A. Vodenicharov, Kota publishing, Bulgaria, pp. 34, 165\u2013168 (BG)."]}