Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758
Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs. 2–15, Tables 1 –4) Spotted spiny dogfish; Piked dogfish; Cação-bagre-espinhoso (Portuguese) Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758: 233 (original description, “Oceano Europaeo”); Rafinesque, 1810: 45 (listed; Sicily); Gill, 1862: 405 (cited; global); Poey, 1868: 213...
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| Summary: | Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs. 2–15, Tables 1 –4) Spotted spiny dogfish; Piked dogfish; Cação-bagre-espinhoso (Portuguese) Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758: 233 (original description, “Oceano Europaeo”); Rafinesque, 1810: 45 (listed; Sicily); Gill, 1862: 405 (cited; global); Poey, 1868: 213, 454 (cited; Cuba); Berg, 1895: 5, 6 (listed; Argentina, Uruguay); Jordan & Evermann, 1896: 54 (listed; North and Central America); Schreiner & Ribeiro, 1903: 79 (listed; Brazil); Regan, 1908: 45, 46 (identification key, listed; global); Garman, 1913: 192, plates 14 (figs. 1–4), 43 (figs. 9, 10), 59 (figs. 1, 2) (description; global); Fowler, 1936: 69 –71, figs. 19, 20 (revision; Eastern Atlantic); Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948: 455 –473, figs. 87 (A– D), 88 (revision; Northwestern Atlantic); Bigelow & Schroeder, 1953: 47–51, fig. 17 (description, cited; Western North Atlantic); Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1953: 221 (cited; Western Atlantic); Bigelow & Schroeder, 1957: 30, fig. 3 D (description; global); Garrick, 1960: 520, figs. 1 (A–C), 3 (G–M), 5 (revision; New Zealand); Bass et al ., 1976: 13, 14, figs. 8 (F–G), 9 (revision; Eastern South Africa); Cadenat & Blache, 1981: 46 –48; fig. 28 (A–E) (revision; Mediterranean Sea); Lucena & Lucena, 1981: 2, fig. 3 (listed; Brazil); Compagno, 1984: 109 -113 (revision; global); Kondyurin & Myagkov, 1984: 118 –120, fig. 1 A (revision; Western Atlantic); Menni et al ., 1984: 62, 83, 84 (listed; Argentina, Uruguay); Myagkov & Kondyurin, 1986: 1 –20, fig. 1 (A, E, F, H) (revision; Atlantic); López et al ., 1996: 7, 8 (listed; Argentina); Cousseau & Perrotta, 1998: 34–35 (description; Argentina); Lessa et al ., 1999: 26, 61, 150 (cited, listed; Brazil); Mazzoleni & Schwingel, 1999: 114 (listed; Itajaí, Brazil); Gadig, 2001: 29, 36, 54–57, fig. 27 (description; Brazil); Soto, 2001: 94, 95 (listed; Brazil); Compagno, 2002: 380, 381, 383 (revision; South Atlantic); Nion et al ., 2002: 4 (listed; Uruguay); Haimovici et al ., 2003: 38, 39 (cited; Brazil); Meneses & Paesch, 2003: 7, 25, 45 (cited; Argentina); Smith & Heemstra, 2003: 61, 62, fig. 5.24 (identification key; description; South Africa); Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004 (cited, Southern Africa): 54; Soto & Mincarone, 2004: 73, 74 (listed; Brazil); Lamilla & Bustamante, 2005: 9, 26 (cited; Chile); Nelson, 2006: 66 (listed; global); Menni & Lucifora, 2007: 3 (cited; Argentina, Uruguay); Pon & Gandini, 2007 (cited; Argentina); Carrier et al ., 2010: 44, 127, 139 (cited); Gomes et al ., 2010: 44, 45 (cited; Brazil); Menni et al ., 2010 (cited; Southwestern Atlantic); Saéz et al ., 2010: 623 (identification key; Chile); Viana, 2011: 28 –56 (description; Southwestern Atlantic); Menezes, 2011: 4 (listed; Southern Brazil); Rosa & Gadig, 2014: 92 (listed; Brazil). Squalus fernandinus Molina, 1782: 188, 189, 285 (original description, not illustrated; Chile); Regan, 1908: 45, 46 (cited; Chile); Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1953: 220–222 (cited; Western Atlantic). Acanthorhinus acanthias : Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948: 452 (in synonymy of S. acanthias ). Spinax acanthias : Cuvier, 1817: 130 (cited); Cuvier, 1863: 320 (listed); Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948: 452 (in synonymy of S. acanthias ). Acanthias vulgaris Risso, 1826: 13 (original description, not illustrated; Mediterranean, Sea); Müller & Henle, 1841: 83 (description); Duméril, 1865: 437 (description); Günther, 1866: 384, 396 (listed; Central America); Macleay, 1881: 366 (description; Australia); Vaillant, 1888: 5 (listed; Argentina). Acanthias americanus Storer, 1846: 506 (original description; United States of America); Gill, 1861: 60 (listed; North America). Spinax acantheus : Cuvier, 1863: 320 (cited). Acanthias lebruni Vaillant, 1888: 5, 13, 14, plate 1, fig. 2 (original description; Chile). Squalus lebruni : Berg, 1895: 6 (description; Argentina, Uruguay); Menni et al ., 1984: 62, 84 (listed; Argentina, Uruguay). Squalus blainvillei : Schreiner & Ribeiro, 1903: 79 (listed; Brazil); Miranda Ribeiro, 1907 (in part): 168 (description; Brazil). Squalus barbouri Howell-Rivero, 1936: 47, 48 (original description, not illustrated; Cuba). Squalus tasmaniensis Howell-Rivero, 1936 (original description, not illustrated; Tasmania); Last et al. , 2007: 109–113, figs. 1 B, 2 B (revision; Tasmania). Flakeus tasmaniensis : Whitley, 1940: 139, fig. 150 (listed; Australia). Koinga whitleyi : Whitley, 1940: 139, figs. 151, 152 (listed; Australia). Koinga kirki : Whitley, 1940: 140, fig. 153 (listed; Australia). Squalus kirki Phillipps, 1931 (original description, not illustrated; New Zealand). Squalus sp. of acanthias group: Figueiredo, 1981: 17 (listed; Brazil); Gomes et al ., 1997: 93 (description; Brazil); Marques, 1999 (cited; Brazil). Syntype . NRM 85, juvenile female, 177 mm TL, unknown locality. Donation by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. Other possible syntypes in Uppsala (refuted by Wheeler, 1991): UUZM 159, juvenile male, 346 mm TL; UUZM 160, neonate female, 380 mm TL. Type locality: “Oceano Europaeo”. Possibly from off Sweden, Finland or Norway. Material examined (59 SWAO specimens) . AMNH 4099, neonate male, 230 mm TL, between the mouth of the rivers Coyle and Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina; BMNH 1936.8. 26.17, adult male, 635 mm TL, near Strait of Magellan, Argentina, Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, 52.18 °S, 68 °W; BMNH 1999.5. 4.4, juvenile male, 550 mm TL, Falkland Islands, Southwest Atlantic Ocean; BMNH 1999.5. 4.13, juvenile female, 448 mm TL, Falkland Islands; BMNH 1999.5. 4.15, adult female, 535 mm TL, Falkland Islands; BMNH 1999.5. 4.16, juvenile male, 496 mm TL, Falkland Islands; HUMZ 30173, adult male, unknown TL, off Patagonia, Argentina, 47 °S, 6516 ’W (dissected); HUMZ 30178, adult male, 693 mm TL, off Patagonia, Argentina, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30200, adult male, 655 mm TL, off Patagonia, Argentina, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30285, adult male, 720 mm TL, off Patagonia, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30291, adult male, 595 mm TL, off Patagonia, Argentina, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30303, juvenile female, 487 mm TL, off Patagonia, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30310, juvenile female, 520 mm TL, off Patagonia, Argentina, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 30324, adult male, 760 mm TL, off Patagonia, 47 °S, 6516 ’W; HUMZ 107285, juvenile female, 340 mm TL, off Argentina, 4659.5 ’S, 6516 ’W (dissected); MCT 7439, adult female, 587 mm TL, Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MCZ 1435 -S, neonate male, 175 mm TL; neonate male, 205 mm TL, Suriname; MNRJ 509, juvenile male, 403 mm TL, Rasa Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; MNRJ 513, juvenile female, 440 mm TL, Rasa Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; NMW 83924, neonate male, 215 mm TL, unspecified locality, Brazil; ZMH 104416, adult male, 725 mm TL; adult female, 755 mm TL, near Peninsula del Valdes, Argentina, 5948 'W, 438 'S; ZMH 104461, two juvenile females, 510, 557 mm TL; one adult female, 742 mm TL, near Peninsula del Valdes, Argentina, 608 'W, 433 'S; ZMH 104519, two adult females, 670, 745 mm TL, near Cabo Blanco, Argentina, 6112 'W, 478 'S; ZMH 104951, adult male, 715 mm TL, near Santa Cruz, Argentina, 6340 'W, 490 'S; ZMH 104955, seven neonates males, 187–192 mm TL; five neonate females, 185–200 mm TL, near Santa Cruz, Argentina, 6546 'W, 4750 'S; ZMH 104968, six juvenile male, 226–233 mm TL; four juvenile female, 225–235 mm TL, near Cabo Blanco, Argentina, 6518 'W, 470 'S; ZMH 107911, four juvenile males, 213– 225 mm TL; six juvenile females, 215–223 mm TL, near Santa Cruz, Argentina, 640 'W, 460 'S; ZMH 108038, adult male, 670 mm TL, near Cabo Blanco, Argentina, 650 'W, 470 'S; ZMH 115469, juvenile male, 322 mm TL, near Santa Cruz, Argentina, 6324 'W, 4551 'S. Diagnosis . Squalus acanthias from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean is distinguished from all local congeners by the following unique characters: rounded white spots dorsolaterally on body; anterior margin of nostrils unilobate; origin of first dorsal-fin spine behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins; first dorsal-fin spine length much lower than fin height (first dorsal-fin spine length 1.5 %– 2.8 % TL vs . first dorsal-fin height 6.0%– 8.1 % TL); second dorsal-fin spine very elongated (1.9 %– 4.5 % TL), taller than second dorsal-fin apex; interdorsal distance 1.8 (1.5–2.2) times greater than dorsal-caudal distance; pectoral-pelvic distance 1.0 (0.6–1.3) times pelvic-caudal distance; dermal denticles unicuspid; coracoid bar with segmented processes anterolaterally. Description . External morphology . Measurements and counts are summarized in Tables 1 –2 (in the description of S. acanthias below, single values represent the mean followed by the range for non-type specimens from which data were taken). Body fusiform and slender, slightly more arched anteriorly as of posterior margin of spiracle to level of pectoral fin insertion; head height 0.8–1.1 times trunk height, and 0.8–1.5 times abdomen height. Head flattened, small (its length 18.4 %– 23.3 % TL) and broad, its width 1.2 (1.0– 1.5) times trunk width and 1.4 (1.1–2.2) times abdomen width. Snout somewhat elongate (5.8 %– 8.1 % TL), slightly obtuse in ventral view. Nasal apertures located laterally, small and slightly oblique; anterior margin of nostril unilobate or slightly bilobate in young specimens (Fig. 3); distance from snout tip to nostrils 1.0 (0.9–1.2) times distance from nostrils to upper labial furrow; prenarial length corresponding to half of preoral length; internarial distance 0.9 (0.6–1.4) times eye length. Eyes oval with anterior margin rounded and posterior margin angular, not notched; length 2.0 (1.4–3.5) times eye height; eyes closer to snout tip than to first branchial arch. Prespiracular length 1.7 (1.5 –2.0) times preorbital length and 0.6 (0.5–0.6) times pre-pectoral length. Spiracles crescent-shaped, located posterodorsally to eye, oblique in relation to longitudinal axis of body; diameter at least one-quarter eye length. Prebranchial length 1.5 (1.3–1.7) times prespiracular length. Gill slits concave, located in front of pectoral fins, tall with fifth gill slit 1.2 (0.7–1.7) greater in height than first gill slit. MeasurementsHolotypes Squalus S. barbouri S. tasmaniensis MCZ 1463 -S MCZ 146 -S N Range x SD TL (mm) 267.0 245.0 21 200.0–880.0 487.7 212.3 PCL 77.2 77.6 21 31.2–81.1 76.3 10.4 PD2 59.2 57.1 21 53.4–62.2 58.8 2.1 PD1 34.5 30.6 21 29.1–33.7 32.4 0.9 SVL 52.4 49.0 21 44.2–52.8 49.7 2.3 PP2 54.3 44.9 21 41.9–50.3 46.8 2.1 PP1 21.8 19.6 21 17.8–22.8 20.4 1.2 HDL 22.4 19.9 21 18.4–23.3 20.9 1.3 PG1 18.5 16.4 21 15.5–20.5 17.4 1.2 PSP 12.6 9.8 21 9.9–14.1 11.3 1.2 POB 7.0 5.4 21 5.8–8.1 6.9 0.6 PRN 5.1 3.3 21 3.8–5.1 4.5 0.4 POR 9.9 7.6 21 7.8–10.9 9.1 1.0 INLF 4.9 3.6 21 3.7–5.6 4.4 0.5 MOW 6.6 5.6 21 6.5–8.1 7.2 0.4 ULA 2.5 2.2 21 2.0–2.9 2.3 0.2 INW 2.8 3.2 21 2.8–4.8 3.4 0.4 INO 7.2 6.2 21 6.5–9.7 7.4 1.0 EYL 3.5 3.1 21 2.7–5.7 3.7 0.9 EYH 0.9 1.6 21 1.4–3.6 1.9 0.5 SPL 1.3 1.8 21 0.9–2.1 1.4 0.4 GS1 1.7 1.0 21 1.3–2.3 1.7 0.3 GS5 1.8 1.6 21 1.2–2.9 2.0 0.3 IDS 18.9 19.9 21 17.1–22.7 20.2 1.7 DCS 10.8 11.9 21 9.6–11.9 11.1 0.6 PPS 24.9 22.2 21 16.5–26.8 22.8 2.5 PCA 22.2 22.4 21 20.3–28.1 22.8 1.9 D1L 12.1 13.2 21 10.5–13.1 12.1 0.7 D1A 11.5 11.2 21 8.5–11.6 9.5 0.8 D1B 7.0 7.9 21 6.4–7.5 7.0 0.3 D1H 7.8 6.9 21 6.0–8.1 6.7 0.4 D1I 5.7 5.8 21 4.4–6.0 5.2 0.4 ......continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Mouth arched and evidently broad, its width 1.6 (1.4–1.9) times prenarial length and 2.1 (1.6–2.5) times internarial space; upper labial furrow slender and large, its length corresponding to 2.0%– 2.9 % TL; lower labial furrow inconspicuous. Teeth unicuspid, similar in both jaws, flattened labial-lingually and laterally overlapped; teeth broad, although short at crown; upper teeth smaller than lower teeth; cusp thick and elongate, oblique and directed laterally (cusp strongly vertical in most adult males); convex mesial cutting edge; both distal and mesial heels rounded; apron well elongated in both jaws; one intermediate tooth present at least in upper jaw, usually smaller than the following teeth, with cusp completely vertical, short apron, and both distal and mesial heels markedly rounded; two series of functional teeth in upper and lower jaws; teeth rows varying from 14 – 1–14 in upper jaw and 11 – 1–12 in lower jaw (Fig. 4).Origin of first dorsal fin posterior to free rear tips of pectoral fin; in young specimens, origin over free rear pectoral tips (pre-first dorsal length 29.1 %– 33.7 % TL in neonates and juveniles); horizontal distance between origins of pectoral fin and first dorsal fin 1.8 (1.2–2.3) times preorbital length. First dorsal fin vertical and markedly wide at its fin web, relatively large (10.5 %– 13.1 % TL) and low, its length 1.8 (1.5–2.1) times its height, its height and base length 1.0 (0.9–1.2) times preorbital length; anterior margin convex, posterior margin moderately concave near free rear tip; apex rounded, and free rear tips pointed; inner margin length 0.8 (0.6–0.9) times fin height. Origin of first dorsal-fin spine slightly posterior to free rear tips of pectoral fins. First dorsal-fin spine conspicuously slender and low, its length not greater than half dorsal-fin height, never reaching fin apex. Interdorsal distance 1.0 (0.8–1.3) times prepectoral length and 1.8 (1.5–2.2) times dorsal-caudal distance. Pre-second dorsal length 4.3 (3.7–5.2) times the anterior margin length of pectoral fin and 2.9 (2.6–3.2) times dorsal caudal lobe length. Second dorsal fin rather oblique and broad at its fin web, relatively large, its length 1.0 (0.9–1.2) times first dorsal-fin length, and 2.5 (1.9 –3.0) times second dorsal-fin height; anterior margin convex and posterior margin falcate; apex rounded, and free rear tip pointed; inner margin elongate, its length 1.0 (0.8–1.1) times fin height. Second dorsal-fin spine slightly inclined, elongated (1.9 %– 4.5 % TL) and reaching the fin apex (in some adult specimens, second spine exceeds the fin apex); slender and low, its length 0.7 (0.4–0.9) times second dorsal-fin height and 1.8 (1.3–2.5) times first dorsal-fin spine length; second dorsal-fin spine broader than first dorsal-fin spine, its base length 1.3 (1.0– 1.5) times first dorsal-fin spine base length. Pre-pectoral length 0.6 (0.6–0.7) times pre-first dorsal length, 0.4 (0.4–0.5) times pre-vent length. Pectoral fins with both anterior and inner margins convex, and posterior margin straight; anterior margin length 1.6 (1.4–1.6) times posterior margin length, but its tip reaches same level of its apex; apex and free rear tips evidently rounded, but not lobe-like; pectoral fin base length varying from 3.2 %– 5.2 % TL. Pelvic fins narrow and elongate, their length 8.6 %– 12.4 % TL anterior margin; slightly convex and posterior margin straight; apex and free rear tips rounded, the latter lobe-like; origin of pelvic fins 1.8 (1.5 –2.0) times distance between origins of the two dorsal fins, nearest to second dorsal fin (in young specimens, nearest to first dorsal fin); pectoral-pelvic distance 1.0 (0.6–1.3) times pelvic-caudal distance, usually equal in adults. Clasper cylindrical, compressed dorsoventrally throughout its extension, greatly extended beyond free rear tips of pelvic fin, its outer length 1.1 %– 5.8 % TL; siphon large, located medioventrally from the anteriormost end of puboischiadic bar level of intermediate cartilage; clasper groove longitudinal and dorsomedially, sinuous and deep; apopyle broad, placed more anteriorly in clasper groove; hypopyle narrow, located posteriorly to rhipidion; rhipidion elongate, blade-like, located medially at distal end of clasper (Fig. 5). Caudal peduncle with inconspicuous lateral keels, originating behind insertion of second dorsal fin; upper and lower precaudal pits marked. Caudal fin conspicuously rectangular on dorsal lobe with dorsal-caudal margin straight and upper postventral margin strongly convex; dorsal-caudal margin length 1.0 (0.9–1.1) times head length and 1.8 (1.7 –2.0) times preventral margin length; caudal fork markedly concave and broad, its width corresponding to 6.0%– 7.4 % TL; lower postventral margin also convex; preventral caudal margin convex and large, its length 2.4 (1.7–3.5) times pelvic fin inner margin length. Dermal denticles (Fig. 7). Denticles unicuspid, their length and width equivalent, relatively sparsely positioned, not imbricated; median ridge pronounced, elongate and narrow, projecting anteriorly beyond crown base; median cusp pointed posteriorly. In neonates, denticles smaller, markedly sparse and underdeveloped throughout body. Coloration (Figs. 2, 6). Body dark gray dorsal and laterally, and light gray more posteriorly from the lower lateral half of the body just in front of the pectoral fin origin to the caudal fin; white ventrally; large and few paired white spots dorsolaterally, usually ant : Published as part of De, Sarah T., De, Marcelo R. & Gomes, Ulisses L., 2016, Taxonomy and morphology of species of the genus Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes: Squalidae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 4133 (1) on pages 8-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4133.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400024 : {"references": ["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decimal, reformata. Tomus I. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.", "Rafinesque, C. S. 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