Paraustrosimulium anthracinum Bigot

• Main Authors: Craig, Douglas A., Moulton, John K., Currie, Douglas C.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2017
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Simuliidae; Paraustrosimulium; Paraustrosimulium anthracinum; Austral; Patagonia; Pacific; New Zealand; Queensland; Argentina; Argentine; Magallanes; Lowry; Gauthier; Hernandez; Currie; Figueroa; Garre; Orca
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052670; https://zenodo.org/record/6052670

Paraustrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot) (Figs. 86–128) Simulium anthracinum Bigot, 1888: 15. Simulium anthracinum . Kertész 1902: 285. Simulium ( Austrosimulium ) anthracinum . Edwards 1931: 143. Simulium ( Austrosimulium ) anthracinum . Pinto 1931: 671. Austrosimulium anthracinum . Smart 1945: 499. Vargas 1945: 113. Wygodzinsky 1953: 293. Dumbleton 1960: 543. Austrosimulium ( Paraustrosimulium ) anthracinum . Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1962; 242. Coscarón 1968: 66. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum . Crosskey 1969: 73. Crosskey & Howard 1997: 18; 2004: 10. Prosimuliini. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum . Adler & Crosskey 2008: 26. Transferred to Simuliini. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum . Adler & Crosskey 2017: 30. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum . Hernández-Triana et al . 2017: 350. Simulium moorei Silva Figueroa, 1917: 30. Simulium ( Austrosimulium ) moorei . Edwards 1931: 144. Simulium moorei. Pinto 1931: 29. Simulium moorei. Vargas 1945: 166. Austrosimulium moorei . Smart 1945: 499. Austrosimulium moorei . Wygodzinsky 1953: 298. Synonymized with A. anthracinum . Redescription. Adult female (based on 5 specimen and literature description). Body (Fig. 86): general body colour in alcohol evenly dark brown; total length 3.3 mm. Head (Fig. 87): width 0.76 mm; depth 0.49 mm; postocciput black, markedly hirsute; frons dark brown; frons–head ratio (narrowest width of frons: greatest width of head) 1.0:7.0. Eyes : evenly reddish brown, interocular distance 0.11 mm; ommatidia 0.012 mm in diameter; ca . 36 rows up and across at mid–eye. Clypeus : light brown; 0.23 mm wide; vestiture of sparse pale hairs. Antenna (Fig. 88): total length 0.68 mm; 8 flagellomeres, pedicel and scape small, wider than long, distal region of scape pale, remainder of antenna brown; flagellomeres quadratic, overall slightly tapered, apical flagellomere longer than broad. Mouthparts : well expressed, ca . 0.5 length of head depth; maxillary palpus (Fig. 89), total length 0.6 mm, articles brownish black, 3rd article black; proportional length of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles 1.0:0.8:1.2; sensory vesicle spherical, 0.5x width of 3rd article, opening 0.3x width of vesicle; mandible (Fig. 90), not markedly expanded apically, 27 inner teeth and 10–12 finely pointed outer teeth; lacinia (Fig. 90) with 11 inner teeth and 13 outer teeth; cibarial cornuae (Fig. 91) with marked sculptured edges, central depression broad and shallow. Lateral cervicales : well developed (Fig. 86). Thorax : length 1.5 mm; width 1.0– 1.1 mm; scutum evenly dark brown, vestiture of evenly distributed recumbent silver hairs; postpronotal lobe with longer hairs; antepronotal lobe with markedly longer dense hairs; scutellum pale, and postnotum lighter than scutum; scutellar depression and scutellum with pale hairs; pleuron and anepisternal membrane dark brown, bare. Wing (Fig. 92, 93): length 3.0– 3.1 mm; width 1.6 mm, anterior veins lightly pigmented, basal cell distinct, costa not extended to wing apex with spiniform setae distally, also present on R1 vein; radial veins not markedly closely applied to costa; a:b ratio 1.0:2.8; M thickened apically; A2 not approaching wing margin. Haltere : dark grey. Metathoracic furcasternum : dorsal arms with rounded projections (Fig. 94). Legs : overall dark brown; hind basitarsus ca. 5.7x as long as its greatest breadth, very slightly expanded medially, ventral row of stout spines present, calcipala moderately expressed, pedisulcus not markedly developed (Fig. 95); tarsal claw (Fig. 96) with moderately developed basal heel and markedly angulate tooth and notch. Abdomen (Fig. 97): abdominal scale black with dark hairs, not greatly extended; tergite II 3.2x wider than long, shallowly V–shaped, sparse black hairs, III, IV essentially bare, III–V as wide as long with rounded corners, VI 2x wider than long; dorsal vestiture of small sparse black hairs increased in density posteriorly. Genitalia : sternite VIII vestiture of sparse coarse black hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (Fig. 98) broadly rounded; median edges slightly convex, not strengthened along edge, bluntly rounded apically, slightly crenulated laterally; genital fork (Fig. 99) with anterior arm broad (not easily observed), slightly sclerotized and pigmented medially (not so according to Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1973), more so anteriorly, lateral arms broad, indications of lateral apodeme (as in Gigantodax ), apodeme (as in Austrosimulium ) present only as ridge, lateral arms broad, lateral plates large, pointed posteromedially, angulate posterolaterally; spermatheca ovoid (Fig. 100), length 0.14 mm, surface un–patterned; sparse internal acanthae; no clear area at junction of spermathecal duct, pigmentation not extended down duct; cercus (Fig. 101) broadly rounded apically, sloped ventrally, vestiture of evenly spaced hairs, anal lobe not angulate posteriorly. Adult male (reared and other specimens). Body (Fig. 102): general colour dark brown to black; total length 2.3– 2.6 mm. Head (Fig. 103): width 0.90 mm; depth 0.62 mm. Eyes : upper ommatidia very dark red, 0.03 mm in diameter, ca . 22 across, 20 down; lower ommatidia almost black, 0.01 mm in diameter, ca. 35 across, 26 down. Clypeus : blackish brown; vestiture of very sparse black hairs; 0.2 mm wide. Antenna (Fig. 104): total length 0.75 mm; scape and pedicel black, first flagellomere and remainder dark brown; pedicel longer and wider than other divisions; first flagellomere longer than wide, others subrectangular; non–tapered, narrow in comparison to that of female; apical article ca . 2x longer than wide. Mouthparts : moderately developed; 0.5x head depth; mandibles insubstantial, finely tapered with apical hairs; laciniae finely tapered apically with terminal hairs; maxillary palpus (Fig. 105), dark brown, 0.55 mm long, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles 1.0:0.8:1.4, sensory vesicle small, occupying 0.25x width of article, opening 0.5x width of vesicle. Cervical sclerites well developed. Thorax : length 1.5 mm; width 0.9 mm; in alcohol, scutum evenly blackish brown, vestiture of fine recumbent pale hairs (often worn); scutellum and postscutellum concolourous with scutum. Wing : 3.0 mm in length, 1.5 mm in width; otherwise as for female. Haltere : tan. Legs : yellowish blackish brown; hirsute; hind basitarsus ca . 4.5x as long as its greatest breadth, slightly expanded medially, row of ventral spines present, not markedly stout; calcipala well expressed, pedisulcus barely evident (Fig. 106); tarsal claw partially covered by grappling pad of ca . 20 hooks, distinct basal tooth. Abdomen (Fig. 107): blackish brown; abdominal scale with long fine hairs, tergites markedly broad, tergites II–IV hirsute, less so on posterior others. Genitalia : ventral view (Fig. 108); ventral plate directed ventrally giving appearance of broadly concave apex, 1.5–2.0x wider than long, median keel well developed, vestiture of fine hairs, plate not sculpted laterally; anteromedial broad and slightly convex, basal arms fine, heavily pigmented, splayed apically (Fig. 109), paramere connectors well developed; median sclerite well expressed, broad and divided apically; parameres triangular, plate–like, strengthened laterally, spines as small spicules, not meeting medially; adeagal membrane with minute microtrichia; gonocoxa 2.0x longer than basal width, markedly sparse hairs; gonostylus approximately 2.0x longer than basal width, apically with 2–4 substantial terminal spines (Fig. 110). Pupa (based on numbers of specimens). Body : length, female 3.2–3.5 mm; male 3.2–3.3 mm (Fig. 111). Head : frontal cephalic plate lacking dorsal depression; ratio of basal width to vertex width of female 1:1.5, for basal width to length 1:1.5, rounded apically (Fig. 113), male ratios 1.0:1.5 and 1.0:2.0 respectively (Fig. 114), evenly tuberculate, frontal and facial setae present, but insubstantial, ocular spine absent. Thorax : Dorsum with very small tubercles, no pattern; dorsocentral setae substantial, spine–like and curled apically, other more lateral setae also spine–like in expression (Fig. 115). Gill (Fig. 111, 112): fundamentally of three flattened laminae, curled along their length, with concertina marks from packaging in the histoblast appearing as annulations (Fig. 126, 127); anterior trunk 1.6–2.1 mm length ( ca . 14 annulations), stub–like posterior lobe ca. 0.25 mm ( ca . 6 annulations), ventral trunk ca . 0.6 mm in length ( ca . 7 annulations); fine filaments, as such, absent. Abdominal armature (Fig. 116): tergites I & II with 4–6 fine setae, lightly tuberculate; tergite III with four hooks per side, 3 or 4 other fine setae, no sternal hooks; tergite IV as for III; tergite V with poorly expressed spine comb, 4 hooks on sternum, laterally small plurites; tergite VI with spine comb and four hooks ventrally, one on small pleurite; tergite VII as for VI; VIII with a markedly poorly expressed spine comb anteriorly, spines reduced laterally; tergite IX with similar spines comb; terminal spines short, not sharp, grapnel hooks poorly expressed, as single hooks (Fig. 117). Cocoon . Surface smooth, fabric coarsely woven, silk filaments obvious, medium brown; distinctly slipper–shaped fully covering pupa, not close fitted, with well defined anterior edge, ventral floor absent. Larva (based on numbers of last instar larvae). Body (Fig. 118): overall yellowish gray, anterior abdomen of smaller diameter than thorax, expanded smoothly posteriorly; total length 5.8–6.5 mm. Head (Figs. 119): evenly mid brown, head spots positive, but not strongly pigmented; head length 0.73–0.86 mm, width 0.66–0.67 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.50–0.51 mm; lateral margins of head smoothly convex; cervical sclerites well developed and pigmented, elongated and fused to postocciput; anterolateral edges of apotome not distinctly pigmented; genae lacking darker 'eye brow' over stemmata. Antenna (Fig. 120): apical article pale, others dark brown; total length ca. 0.4 mm; well extended beyond labral fan stem; distal article subequal in length to other two articles; ratio of basal, medial and apical articles 1.0:0.6:2.0. Labral fan : relatively small; stem translucent; 56–60 fine rays, 0.32 mm in length, 0.005 mm in width; microtrichia as long as ray width, substantial, interspersed with 2 or 3 smaller microtrichia. Mandible (Fig. 121, 122): apical brush moderately developed; apical teeth not markedly extended; subapical teeth small, 8–9 substantial spinous teeth; mandibular sensillum and serrations often complex, but not markedly so, sometimes as just a simple pair (as shown). Maxilla (Fig. 123): lobe markedly cone–shaped, asymmetrical, palp subequal in length to lobe, well separated, 2x as long as basal width. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 124): essentially absent; ratio of hypostoma, bridge and cleft 1.0:1.6:0.3; suboesophageal ganglion not pigmented. Hypostoma (Fig. 125): ventral edge broadly domed–shaped, more or less covering 15 teeth; median tooth barely protruded beyond edge, sublateral teeth smaller and subequal in length, barely protruded beyond edge, lateral tooth larger and protruded, paralateral teeth smaller and sharp, variable expression, no others evident; no hypostomal serrations; four hypostomal setae per side. Postgenal bridge: pale and concolourous with genae. Thorax : (Fig. 126) anterior prothorax brown, remainder paler; pharate pupal gill broad, inverted V–shape, concertinaed (Fig. 127). Abdomen : pale brown anteriorly, darker posteriorly; abdominal segments expanded smoothly; posteroventral tubercles present, but not markedly developed. Anal papillae : three simple lobes. Posterior proleg (Fig. 128): rectal scales present in large numbers; anal sclerite median region well expressed with lateral interarm struts distinct, anterior arms slightly flared, shorter than posterior arms, posterior arms irregular in outline; accessory and pigmented semicircular sclerites absent. Posterior circlet : ca . 80 rows of 15–17 hooks (total ca . 1,250). Etymology. Not detailed by Bigot (1888: 15), but apparently from Greek 'ανΘΡακίτης' or Latin ' anthracite ', meaning 'coal–like'; no doubt in reference to colour of the male and, less so, the female. Types. The lectotype female is housed in the Natural History Museum, London, along with a male and a female paralectotype (Crosskey & Lowry 1990: 203). Details of labeling unknown. Material examined. Five tubes of ETOH material. Larvae, pupae, males, females. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/ anthracinum / (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 84] [Argentina Rio Negro / Bariloche 11-ix-84 / Coll. Coscarón] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [UASM #/ 370852]. Larvae (damaged). Label data:- [Paraustrosimulium anthracinum / Kerguen, Ao, Castillo, 21.9.84] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [UASM #/ 370853]. Larvae (damaged). Label data:- [Paraustrosimulium / anthracinum / (Bigot)/ det. H. Gyorkos - '85] [Bariloche, Ao Villa/ Con Bosca. 19.ix. 84 / Col. Coscarón] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [UASM #/ 370854]. Males & females. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/ anthracinum / (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 92] [Chile. Magallanes / Isla Deslit/ 9-xi-82. Col. Lanfranco] [UASM #/ 370855]. Larvae, pupae, male, female. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/ anthracinum / (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 82] [Chile. Chiloe/ rio Melitaba/ e/Huillinco/ y/ Chonchi/ 30-xi-92 / Col. Coscarón] [UASM #/ 370856]. Slides, fourteen, all stages:- [ Paraustrosimuium / anthracinum ] [Chile / Rio Melitaba y/ Chonchi/ 30-xi-92 / Col. S. Coscarón] [UASM #/ 370891-370904]; one, female [[Chile. Magallanes / Isla Deslit/ 9-xi-82. Coll. Lanfranco] [UASM #/ 370905]. Distribution. Widespread in southern South American Andes—Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1973) give details. In short, in Chile P. anthracinum extends from northern Terra del Fuego, northwards to Malleco. In Argentine, from Islas de los Estado off the coast of Terra del Fuego, northwards to southern Neuquen Province. Bionomics. Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1962) note that for their material of P. anthracinum , the aquatic stages were found attached to dead vegetation trailing in the water of a large stream, near the edge and just below the surface—the population was monospecific. Specimens reported by Dumbleton (1960) from Navarino Island similarly came from a large stream, however, those collected by Wygodzinsky (1953) some 1,200 km farther north in the Province of Rio Negro, Argentine, were obtained from smaller water courses. Hernández et al . (2009: 196) record larvae from a murky water stream on Isla Victoria, Lake Guillelmo, near Bariloche and the few females collected from that region were not markedly anthropophilic. Coscarón & Coscarón Arias (2007) noted that P. anthracinum was anthropophilic. Dates of collections by Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1973: 192) ranged from October to February. This covers the Southern Hemisphere spring and early summer, but there is no information regarding water temperatures, nor altitude as such. Some of the collections included all stages, so P. anthracinum would appear to be a multivoltine species. Remarks. Given the wide–ranging distribution of P. anthracinum , variation between populations is perhaps to be expected. The earlier descriptions give variation in numbers of terminal spines on the male gonostyli and we see differences in the width of the female frons (see above). A more detailed examination of the species, involving molecular analysis will probably reveal cryptic species. Character comparisons. We here make character-state comparisons between Paraustrosimulium (as re- defined) and related simuliids. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to undertake a comprehensive character analysis of austral simuliids, the following discussion of states provide the basis for identifying possible synapomorphies of Paraustrosimulium , and for offering remarks about its close relationship to other taxa, in particular Austrosimulium , “ Cnephia ” pilfreyi and Cnesiamima atroparva. Adults. Antenn a: An antenna with 9 flagellomeres is inferred to be the ground plan condition in the Simuliidae based on the distribution of that character-state throughout the family (Adler et al. , 2004). Austrosimulium typically has only 8 flagellomeres (rarely nine), as do the three species now assigned to Paraustrosimulium . In fact, the shared presence of 8 flagellomeres was the main criterion by which Edwards (1931) originally assigned anthracinum Bigot to Austrosimulium . Both “ Cnephia ” pilfreyi and Cnesiamima atroparva exhibit the plesiomorphic condition. Frons : Females of Austrosimulium s.str. have a markedly broad frons, with the lateral margins diverging dorsally. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum has a narrower frons, but with similar margins (Fig. 87); P. colboi (Fig. 2) also has a comparatively narrow frons, but with margins not as divergent; P. obcidens has by far the narrowest frons of the three Paraustrosimulium species, with its lateral margins subparallel (Fig. 46). Mackerras & Mackerras (1948: 248) illustrated (their Fig. 9) the female heads of A . ( Novaustrosimulium ) species A. bancrofti , A. pestilens , A. furiosum and A. mirabile . These are considerably closer in expression to Paraustrosimulium than to those of Austrosimulium ( Austrosimulium ). Mandible of female : Austrosimulium females have mandibular teeth only on the inner apical surface. Paraustrosimulium female mandibles have teeth on both sides of the apex, albeit poorly developed on the outer edge ( e.g. Figs. 5, 49); the mandible apex is also broadly triangular apically, unlike those of Austrosimulium . In their description of P. colboi, Davies & Györkös (1988) noted that teeth were present only on the inner surface of the mandible; however, given the poor quality of the material at their disposal, the outer teeth could easily have been overlooked. Mandibles of the females of “ Cnephia ” pilfreyi and Cnesiamima atroparva have teeth on both margins. Maxillary palp : Austrosimulium ( Austrosimulium ) females tend to have the 3rd and 4th palpomeres more or less subequal in length, with the 5th palpomere 1.5x longer than the 4th. Paraustrosimulium colboi exhibits a similar condition (Fig. 4), whereas P. obcidens has a semispherical 3rd palpomere, a mark : Published as part of Craig, Douglas A., Moulton, John K. & Currie, Douglas C., 2017, Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia, pp. 451-492 in Zootaxa 4337 (4) on pages 475-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4337.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1051836 : {"references": ["Bigot, J. M. F. (1888) Dipteres. In: Ministere de la Marine et de l'Instruction Publique, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883. Pt. 6. Insectes. Gauthier-Villare et Fils, Paris, pp. 15.", "Kertesz, K. (1902) Simulidae (sic) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Museum Nationale Hungaricum, 1, 285 - 292.", "Edwards, F. W. (1931) Simuliidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part II. Fascicle 4. Nematocera. 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