Oxyopes salticus Hentz
Oxyopes salticus Hentz Figs 1–5, 10 A Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845: 196 –197, pl. 16 fig. 10 (Female syntypes from North Carolina and Alabama, USA, lost). Simon 1897: 889; Banks 1901: 224; 1902: 274; Petrunkevitch 1911: 585; 1929: 102, figs 82–83; Chamberlin 1916: 293; Mello- Leitão 1929: 496 –498,...
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| Summary: | Oxyopes salticus Hentz Figs 1–5, 10 A Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845: 196 –197, pl. 16 fig. 10 (Female syntypes from North Carolina and Alabama, USA, lost). Simon 1897: 889; Banks 1901: 224; 1902: 274; Petrunkevitch 1911: 585; 1929: 102, figs 82–83; Chamberlin 1916: 293; Mello- Leitão 1929: 496 –498, pl. 1 figs 1, 12; Bryant 1923: 15; Roewer 1955: 333; Bonnet 1958: 3240 –3241; Brady 1964: 478 – 484, figs 80–86, 91–96, 104–105; 1975: 233–239, figs 11–12, 23–24, 73–75, 98–99; Sierwald 1988: 10. Sphasus luteus Blackwall, 1862: 350 –351 (female holotype from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, J. Gray & H. Clark leg., deposited in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK, not examined). Petrunkevitch 1911: 585 (= O. salticus ). Oxyopes varians Taczanowski, 1874: 95 –98 (male and female syntypes from Cayenne and Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana; and Uassá, Brazil, deposited in Polska Academia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland, not examined). Boeris 1889: 134; Keyserling 1891: 271 (= O. luteus ); Petrunkevitch 1911: 585 (= O. salticus ). Oxyopes gracilis Keyserling, 1877: 698 –700, pl. 2 figs 63–64 (male and female syntypes from “Neu Granada” [currently Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and parts of northern Brazil and Peru—see Levi 1964], deposited in the BMNH, not examined). Keyserling 1891: 271 (= O. luteus ); F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902: 342 –343, pl. 32 figs 14–15; Banks 1901: 224 (= O. salticus ); Tullgren 1905: 69, pl. 8 fig. 34; Brady 1964: 479, figs 102–103. Oxyopes luteus Keyserling 1891: 271; Moenkhaus 1898: 79. Oxyopes m-fasciatus Piza, 1938: 47, fig. 1 (male holotype from Piracicaba [22.7253o S, 47.6492o W], São Paulo, Brazil, J.R. Almeida leg., originally deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Escola Superior Agrícola “Luiz de Queiróz”, Piracicaba (MZLQ A0036), currently in IBSP 138211, examined) New synonymy . Oxyopes nigrolineatus Mello-Leitão, 1941: 140, pl. 1 fig. 4, pl. 7 fig. 29 (subadult female holotype from Clavillo [probably Cuesta del Clavillo, 27.3345o S, 65.9754o W], Tucumán, Argentina, deposited in MLP 14738, examined) New synonymy . Remarks . Although the type material of this species is lost, it has been repeatedly cited and illustrated in the literature (see references in Brady 1964), so there is no doubt of its identity. Additionally, although I have not examined the type material of Oxyopes luteus , O. varians and O. gracilis , the illustrations and descriptions available in the literature, together with information on their distribution, indicate they can be confirmed as junior synonyms of O. salticus . The holotype of Oxyopes nigrolineatus is a subadult, but its synonymy with O. salticus is based on the characteristic colour pattern, which I have not seen on any other South American oxyopid besides the species treated herein. Additionally, the shape of the pre-epigynum (Fig. 3 F), which I could see on several O. salticus subadult specimens collected together with adults, is also characteristic. Diagnosis . Oxyopes salticus is probably close to O. crewi and O. incantatus sp. nov. based on the characteristic shape of male and female genitalia. Males of the three species share the embolus positioned apically in the tegulum and the ventral tibial apophysis is wide, occupying more than half the anterior width of the tibia (Figs 4 B–D, 7A–C, 9A–C). Females of the three species are characteristic for having relatively simple and stout, non-curled copulatory ducts (Figs 5 C, 7F, 9E). Oxyopes salticus can be distinguished from the remaining two species by the presence of a wisp of retrolateral pseudoserrate setae on the apex of pedipalpal patella (Fig. 4 A), the cymbial protrusion, which is wider at the apex, and the smaller basal embolic apophysis (Figs 3 A, B, 4D). Females differ from other species by the median process of epigynum, which is strongly bent anteriorly, with a long, flattened anterior portion in contact with the epigynal tegument (Figs 3 D, 5A, B). Description . Male (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, UFMG 19554). Carapace creamy white, with two pairs of paramedian longitudinal dusky brown bands; the inner one from the ocular area to the fovea, the outer one from the clypeus to the posterior margin. Sides creamy white, margins black. Ocular area dusky brown, covered with white cuticular scales. Clypeus and chelicerae dusky brown. Labium and endites black, sternum dusky brown, with a median, longitudinal creamy white band. Pedipalpus homogeneously black. Legs creamy white, femora I–III with a ventral, longitudinal black stripe, femur IV with basal and apical dark grey spots on venter. Dorsum and sides of the opisthosoma dusky brown, suffused with creamy white spots. Cardiac mark black, surrounded anteriorly by a pair of creamy white lateral bands. Tegument moderately shiny, covered with smooth cuticular scales. Venter black, spinnerets brown, dusky brown apically. Total length 4.53. Carapace 2.21 long, 1.73 wide. Tibia I length 2.21, II 1.96, III 1.49, IV 1.77. Opisthosoma 2.31 long, 1.35 wide. Ventral tibial apophysis with a rounded keel, projected retrolaterally (Fig. 4 D). Retrobasal tibial apophysis subtriangular (Fig. 3 B). Basal embolic apophysis gently projected retrolaterally (Fig. 4 D). Female (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, UFMG 19554). Carapace creamy white, with a pair of paramedian, longitudinal stripes of brown cuticular scales, both from the ocular area to the posterior margin. Ocular area dusky brown, covered by white cuticular scales. Lateral margins black, sides of clypeus with two dusky brown spots, both covered by brown cuticular scales. Clypeus creamy white, with a pair of longitudinal black stripes from the anterior median eyes to the border, and continuing through the anterior face of the chelicerae, terminating at the apex of the paturon. Pedipalpus and legs creamy white, leg femora I–III with a ventral, longitudinal black stripe. Femur IV with a few ventral black spots. Opisthosoma dorsally and laterally white, densely covered by white cuticular scales. Dorsum with a paramedian, longitudinal band of faint brown cuticular scales. Cardiac mark faint brown, posteriorly delimited by brown cuticular scales. Sides covered by dark brown cuticular scales, interrupted by diagonal stripes of white scales. Venter creamy white, with a median dark grey stripe from epigastric sulcus to the spinnerets. Spinnerets red brown, posterior lateral ones dusky brown ectally. Total length 5.72. Carapace 2.78 long, 2.09 wide. Tibia I length 2.83, II 2.58, III 1.88, IV 2.26. Opisthosoma 2.94 long, 1.74 wide. Median process of epigynum subtriangular, with gently sinuous borders (Fig. 3 C). Posterior border of the median process bulging ventrally (Fig. 3 D). Lateral processes small, touching the lateral border of the median process (Fig. 5 A). Copulatory ducts trajectory sinuous, oriented dorso-ventrally. Spermathecae rounded, with anterior small gland pores and an ectal Bennet’s gland pore (Fig. 5 C, D). Fertilization ducts wide and sclerotised at the base, oriented posteriorly (Figs 3 E, 5C). Variation . Colour pattern can be remarkably variable throughout the species’ distribution range. Male and female carapace and opisthosoma can vary from relatively pale, with the characteristic banded pattern described above (Figs 1, 2 AB), to completely black (Fig. 2 C, D). Although the specimens illustrated in Figure 2 came from different localities, the large number of specimens examined in this study shows that individuals with both colour patterns, as well as intermediates, can be found within the same population. The male copulatory apparatus varies from lightly to strongly sclerotised and the basal embolic apophysis, in particular, can be as sclerotised as the embolus base itself, or remarkably dark and strongly sclerotised. The female epigynum also shows marked variability in the median process, which can be particularly projected anteriorly from the point of dorsal inflexion (Fig. 3 C, D). The size of this anterior projection is nevertheless variable, and several specimens show no anterior projection at all (Fig. 5 A, B). As mentioned for the colour variation, variants of this trait can be found within the same population. Subadult females have a characteristic pre-epigynum with a median field delimited by a pair of lateral grooves (Fig. 3 F). Measurements: males (N=27), total length 3.58–4.91, carapace width 1.42–1.86. Females (N=35), total length 3.86–6.28, carapace width 1.37–1.98. Natural history . The species can be found in an impressive variety of habitats, including humid forests and dry vegetation formations, like the Brazilian savannas (the Cerrado) and seasonally dry forests (the Caatinga). It can also be extremely common in disturbed habitats, domestic gardens (Fig. 1) and agroecosystems, including pastures and fields of alfalfa (Armendano & González 2010), bananas, common bean, cotton (Nyffeler et al. 1992), rice (Rodrigues et al. 2009), soy (Young & Lockley 1985), watermelon, wheat (Armendano & González 2011), among others (see Young & Lockley 1985). Specimens are generally found associated with the foliage of herbaceous and understory vegetation (Brady 1964), although the recurrent capture of numerous specimens in pitfall traps indicates this species frequently wanders on the ground. As observed for other members of the family, O. salticus is an active hunter, capturing a variety of insect prey using only the chelicerae and their legs (Fig. 1 C). The specific epithet is a reference to the jumping habits of this species, which use this move both to capture prey and flee from danger (Brady 1964, personal observation). Regarding its natural enemies, this species was reported as a prey of the hunting wasp Trypoxylon texense Saussure, 1867 (Crabronidae) in Florida (Kurczewski 1963). As far as I know, there is no information on courtship and mating behaviour, but maternal care is easily seen in the field. Egg sacs are fixed over leaves or twigs and guarded by the female, who remains over or near it all the time (Fig. 1 D; see also Brady 1964: 481–482). Distribution . This is probably the most widely distributed oxyopid species, which is recorded throughout USA (Brady 1964), Central America (Brady 1975), South America and most of the Caribbean islands. Records in South America span from the northernmost portion of Venezuela and Colombia to northern Argentina (Fig. 10 A). Detailed records from Chile are restricted to the extreme north, near the border with Peru. The material examined for this study included a sample labelled just as “ Chile ”. The sample was collected by the Brazilian entomologist José C.M. Carvalho, who collected spiders in Santiago and Arica (Mello-Leitão 1943). The sample is most probably from Arica, from which I have seen another specimen, and which is also the sole place in the country with a record of another oxyopid ( Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877, Santos & Brescovit 2003). In the Caribbean, O. salticus occurs in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico (Fig. 10 A). It has also been repeatedly recorded from the Bermuda Island (Banks 1902, Sierwald 1988). Additional material examined . NICARAGUA. Leon : La Paz Centro (12.34o N 86.6753o W), J.M. Maes leg., 21/XII/1988, 1 ♂ (MCZ 19741). BERMUDA. Saint George : Whalebone Bay (32.3652o N 64.7128o W), P. Sierwald leg., VII/1983, 1 ♂ (USNM); Smith : Spittall Pond Park (32.3119o N 64.7254o W, meadow, sweep net), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (USNM). PUERTO RICO. Culebra Island (18.303o N 65.301o W), A. Busck leg., II/1899, 3 ♀ 1 juv. (USNM); Cayey, Cayey Mountains (18.1119o N 66.166o W), A. Bliss leg., III/1968, 5 ♀ (MCZ); Guayama, Punta Pozuelo (17.9376o N 66.20234o W), V.D. & B. Roth leg., 25/XII/1985, 1 ♀ (CAS); Dorado (18.4588o N 66.2677o W), A.S. Mills leg., 15/VII/1932, 1 ♀ (AMNH); Palominitos Island (18.3387o N 65.5673o W), Island Project staff, University of Puerto Rico leg., 16/VI/1965, 2 ♂ 4 ♀ (AMNH). VIRGIN ISLANDS. Little Camanoe : (18.4582o N 64.5429o W), Island Project staff of University of Puerto Rico leg., 2/VII/1965, 1 ♀ (AMNH); Virgin Gorda : (18.4846o N 64.4007o W), A.M. Chickering leg., VIII/1966, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ 9 juv. (MCZ). U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS. Saint Croix : Frederikstedt, near Frederikstedt (17.7125o N 64.8815o W), A.M. Chickering leg., 22/III/1964, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 5 juv. (MCZ); 13/III/1964, 1 ♀ 4 juv. (MCZ); Saint John : Centerline Road, 4 mi Cruz Bay (18.3451o N 64.7457o W), 4/III/ 1964, 1 ♀ (MCZ); Saint Thomas : (18.3406o N 64.9017o W), 14/VII/1966, 1 ♂ (MCZ). ANTIGUA & BARBUDA. Antigua : (17.0758o N 61.7877o W), VI/1918, 2 ♂ 18 ♀ 14 juv. (USNM); Saint John : Crosbies (17.1667o N 61.8167o W), 21/VIII/1967, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCZ); Saint Mary : Shekerly Mts, Boggy Peak (currently Mount Obama) (17.0419o N 61.8511o W, 365 m), J.F.G. Clarke leg., 2/V/1956, 1 ♀ (USNM); Saint Philip : Hill W of Half Moon Bay (17.0463o N 61.6889o W, 60 m), E.N. Kjellesvig-Waering leg., 7/X/1963, 1 ♀ (AMNH). DOMINICA. Saint Andrew : Marigot, Hatton Gardens (15.5167o N 61.2833o W), B. Malkin leg., 30/I/1968, 5 ♂ 8 ♀ 6 juv. (AMNH); Saint David : Ridge above Belle Fille River, 4 mi SW Castle Bruce (15.4014o N 61.3072o W), R. T. Bell leg., 1/I/1965, 1 ♀ 1 juv. (MCZ); Bataka (15.5o N 61.2667o W), B. Malkin leg., 30/I/1968, 1 ♂ (AMNH); Saint George : Wooten Waven (15.3197o N 61.339o W), P. Spangler leg., 7/X/1964, 1 ♀ (USNM); Roseau (15.3o N 61.4o W), N.L.H. Krauss leg., XI/ 1967, 1 ♀ (USNM); Saint Paul : Springfield Plantation Guesthouse (15.3462o N 61.3666o W), 2 ♀ (USNM). MARTINIQUE. (14.6660o N 60.9896o W), A. Sánchez leg., 8–21/VI/2013, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBSP 165031); 2 ♀ (IBSP 165035). SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES. Saint Vincent : (13.25o N 61.2o W), 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNHN 18956); A.M. Chickering leg., 15–24/VIII/1966, 2 ♀ 1 juv. (MCZ). BARBADOS. Saint Michael : no further data (13.1216o N 59.5948o W), 1 ♂ (USNM); Bridgetown (13.0967o N 59.6139o W), V/1918, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ 2 juv. (USNM). GRENADA. Saint George : Saint George (12.0561o N 61.7517o W), N.L.H. Krauss leg., X/1967, 2 ♀ (AMNH). TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. Couva / Tabaquite / Talparo : Saint Andrew, near Valencia (10.4225o N 61.4786o W), G.F. & J.F. Hevel leg., 23/III/1985, 2 ♀ (USNM); San Juan / Laventille : Maracas Bay Village (10.7569o N 61.4342o W), 2/ III/1985, 1 ♀ (USNM); 23/III/1985, 2 ♀ (USNM); Tobago : Crown Point airport area (11.1480o N 60.8374o W), 25/ III/1985, 1 ♀ (USNM); Tunapuna / Piarco : Caroni, Chaguanas (10.6057o N 61.3817o W), 22/III/1985, 1 ♀ (USNM); Arima, 4 mi N Arima (10.6736o N 61.2750o W), R. West leg., 10/V/1981, 3 ♂ (MCZ). COLOMBIA. Antioquia : Medellín, San Antonio del Prado (6.1802o N 75.6551o W), P. Schneble leg., X/1973, 1 ♀ (MCZ); Valle de Medellín (6.2369o N 75.5775o W), A. B. Schneble leg., 1973, 7 ♂ 7 ♀ (MCZ); Atlantico : Juan de Acosta, Finca Bella Lucila (10.8297o N 75.0334o W), Y. Ow & D. Cuentas leg., 8/X–12/XII/2000, 3 ♂ 6 ♀ (ICN 1314); Boyacá : Pajarito, Vereda Corinto (5.4242o N 72.7441o W, 1500 m), I. de Arevalo leg., IX/1981, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (ICN 1094); Cesar : La Luz, 30 km N Costilla (9.1848o N 73.7169o W), 30/VI/1970, 1 ♂ (CAS); San Sebastian de Rábago (currently Nabusímake), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (10.5667o N 73.6o W, 2000 m, banana plantation), B. Malkin leg., 11– 14/IV/1968, 1 ♂ (AMNH); Valledupar (10.4697o N 73.254o W), 15/VII/1968, 2 ♀ (AMNH); Cundinamarca : Medina (4.5101o N 73.3498o W, 520 m), VIII/1986, 1 ♂ (ICN 1046); Meta : Carimagua (4.5833o N 71.3333o W), W.G. Eberhard leg., X/1973, 2 ♀ (MCZ); Puerto Gaitán, Hacienda Yamato (4.3133o N 72.0816o W), IX/1997, 1 ♀ (ICN 976); Villavicencio, Pozo Azul (4.142o N 73.6266o W, 500 m), X/1990, 2 ♀ (ICN 1098); Puerto Lleras, Lomalinda (3.3o N 73.3667o W), B.T. Carroll leg., V/1987, 1 ♀ (CAS); Santander : Charalá, Virolín (6.1072o N 73.1978o W, 1740 m), I. de Arevalo leg., III/1981, 2 ♀ (ICN 1097); Valle del Cauca : near Cali (3.4372o N 76.5225o W), 1 ♀ (MCZ); Vaupés : Mitú (1.2564o N 70.2354o W), P.A. Schneble leg., II/1975, 1 ♀ (MCZ 19746); L.E. Peña leg., 9–15/VII/ 1990, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 juv. (AMNH). VENEZUELA. Aragua : Rancho Grande (10.3667o N 67.6833o W), Wm. Beebe leg., 1 ♂ (AMNH); Bolivar : Upata, 19 km SE Upata (7.9116o N 62.2625o W), G.F. & J.F. Hevel leg., 20/III/1982, 3 ♂ 3 juv. (USNM); Santa Elena de Uairén, Parque Nacional Canaima, Monte Roraima (5.9113o N 61.4785o W), M.O. Gonzaga leg., 15/XI/2001, 1 ♂ (IBSP 68879); Parupa, Gran Sabana (5.4747o N 63.6182o W, malaise trap), S. & J. Peck leg., 27/VI–10/VII/1987, 1 ♂ (AMNH); Carabobo : Puerto Cabello, Bahia Patanemo (10.4597o N 67.9302o W), Cesari leg., 19/IX/1975, 1 ♀ 1 juv. (MACN); Distrito Capital : Caracas, El Valle (10.4675o N 66.9102o W), G.V. Berthier leg., 16/III/1 939, 4 ♂ 3 ♀ (MNRJ 946); Guárico : Hato Masaguarai (8.34o N 67.35o W), J. Carpenter leg., 3– 29/V/1985, 3 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 juv. (MCZ); Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquitu (8.2833o N 66.7o W), R. Candia leg., 14/IX/ 1987, 3 ♂ (MCN 21265); 4 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCN 21267); 4 ♂ 2 ♀ (MCN 21273); 5 ♂ 5 ♀ (MCN 21321); 2 ♂ (MCN 21344); Miranda : Parque Nacional Guatopo, Macanilla, 50 km N Alta Gracia (10.4474o N 66.3692o W), S. & J. Peck leg., 7/VI/1987, 1 ♂ (AMNH). GUYANA. Demerara-Mahaica : Georgetown (6.8o N 58.15o W), VII/1987, 6 ♀ 7 juv. (AMNH). SURINAME. Sipaliwini : Benzdorp, Lawa River (3.6833o N 54.0833o W), B. Malkin leg., 6/XI/ 1963, 1 ♀ (AMNH). FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne : Cayenne (4.9333o N 52.3333o W), S. Marshall leg., XII/1981, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (AMNH); St. Laurent-du-Maroni : St. Laurent-du-Maroni (5.501o N 54.0294o W), XI/1981, 2 ♂ 5 ♀ (AMNH). ECUADOR. El Oro : Arenillas (3.554o S 80.0668o W), R. Walls leg., 28/10/1942, 1 ♀ (CAS); Guayas : Guayaquil (2.2058o S 79.9079o W), H.E.F. Landes leg., 22/III/1942, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (CAS); Pastaza : 12 km W Puyo (1.5075o S 78.0408o W), P. Spangler et al. leg., 5/II/1976, 1 ♂ (USNM); Pichincha : Calderón (0.1013o S 78.4239o W), W.P. Maddison leg., 17/V/1994, 1 ♀ (MECN 7). PERU. Cajamarca : Quebrada Nanchoc (6.57o S 79.15o W), J. Carpenter leg., 21/XII/1984 – 17/I/1985, 9 ♂ 2 ♀ 3 juv. (MCZ); Jaén, Sur de Jaén (5.7091o S 78.8075o W), S. Risco & A. F. Archer leg., 16–18/V/1967, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (AMNH); Cusco : Koribeni (12.6833o S 72.9667o W), O. Ochoa leg., 1 ♂ (MUSM); road : Published as part of Santos, Adalberto J., 2017, The jumping lynx spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845 and its Neotropical relatives (Araneae: Oxyopidae), pp. 457-481 in Zootaxa 4216 (5) on pages 459-465, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.242322 : {"references": ["Hentz, N. M. (1845) Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. Boston Journal of Natural History, 5, 189 - 202.", "Simon, E. (1897) On the spiders of the island of St Vincent. III. 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