Ariadna maxima Nicolet 1849

• Main Authors: Giroti, André Marsola, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2018
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Arachnida; Araneae; Segestriidae; Ariadna; Ariadna maxima; Alta; Baja; Galapagos; Greenland; Argentina; Blanco; Tapia; Alvarez; Fernandez; San Felipe; Ruta; Muñoz; San Fernando; Artigas; Valparaíso; Lucía; Maipo; Aconcagua; Bío Bío; Juncal
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5987858; https://zenodo.org/record/5987858

Ariadna maxima (Nicolet, 1849) Figures 9, 11, 14‒15, 70 Dysdera maxima Nicolet, 1849: 341, pl. 2, figs 6A‒D (♀ holotype from Santiago [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], Chile, 1845, C. Gay leg., deposited in MNHNP-AR 9068 (4210), examined).— Keyserling (1877: 230). Dysdera virens Nicolet, 1849: 342 (5♀ syntypes from Santiago, Chile [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], 1845, C. Gay leg., deposited in MNHNP-AR 9071 (4143), examined).— Keyserling (1877: 230).— Simon (1896: 64, Syn.).— Petrunkevitch (1911: 131). Dysdera incerta Nicolet, 1849: 342 (2♀ syntypes from Santiago, Chile [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], 1845, C. Gay leg., deposited in MNHNP-AR 9072 (4132), examined).— Keyserling (1877: 230).— Simon (1896: 64, Syn.).— Petrunkevitch (1911: 131). Dysdera coarctata Nicolet, 1849: 344, pl. 2, figs 7A‒C (4 immature syntypes from Santiago, Chile [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], 1845, C. Gay leg., deposited in MNHNP-AR 9070 (4145)), examined).— Simon (1864: 106).— Keyserling (1877: 230).— Petrunkevitch (1911: 131).— Bonnet (1956: 1619).— Beatty (1970: 469, Syn.). Dysdera longipes Nicolet, 1849: 343, pl. 2, fig. 8 (1♂ 2♀ syntypes from ValdiVia, Chile [39°49'51"S; 73°13'15"W], 1845, C. Gay leg., deposited in MNHNP-AR 9067 (4133), examined). — Simon (1896: 64, Syn.).— Petrunkevitch (1911: 131). Segestria pusilla Nicolet, 1849: 345, pl. 2, fig. 9 (Immature holotype from Chile, should be deposited in MNHNP, lost).— Brignoli (1976: 50).— NEW SYNONYMY . Ariadna pusilla— Giroti & Brescovit (2011: 63, Transf. from Segestria , as nomem dubium ). Ariadna maxima— Simon (1896: 64, Transf. from Dysdera 1902: 11; 1905: 71).—O. P.- Cambridge (1898: 17).— Petrunkevitch (1911: 131).— Bonnet (1955: 734).— Beatty (1970: 469, figs 2, 18‒19, 21).— Grismado (2008: 349, figs 2, 5F‒H, 8H‒I, 9A‒D).— Giroti & Brescovit (2015: 3, figs 9A, 10A).— World Spider Catalog (2018). Ariadna ashantica Strand, 1916: 54 (1♂ 2♀ syntypes from Ashanti [06°45'N; 01°30'W], Ghana, H. Simon leg, deposited in SMF 2810, examined.). — NEW SYNONYMY . Ariadna levii— Grismado (2008: 345, in part, only the ♀ paratype, misidentification). Synonymy. Giroti & Brescovit (2011) transferred Segestria pusilla to Ariadna as nomen dubium , since the unavailability of the holotype and the indefiniton of the type-locality. Considering characters from Nicolet's description, as the carapace reddish brown and light yellow legs, together with the distribution of Ariadna maxima in Chile, this species is here proposed as a junior synonym of A. maxima . Grismado (2008) described a female paratype of Ariadna levii , depicting the female internal genitalia of a non-type specimen. After the examination of those specimens, we detected that the paratype actually is Ariadna maxima , due to coloration, macrosetae pattern and leg size in relation with body size. The diffuse abdominal pattern presented by the paratype is usual to A. maxima . On the other hand, the described and depicted genitalia in Grismado (2008: 344, figs 6D‒E) belongs to an A. levii specimen.The oddest synonym proposal involves the African species Ariadna ashantica Strand, 1916. In his work, Strand (1916) described this species based on a male and the cephalothorax and legs of a possible female from Ashanti region, in Ghana. After the examination of the type specimens, we identified them as A. maxima , based on the morphology of the male palp and metatarsi I. The occurrence of A. maxima in a locality so far away of the type locality is rather odd, but it could have occurred by anthropic introduction or even human-error handling and labeling the vial in the museum. Additional material examined. CHILE: III Región de Atacama: Atacama Province: Copiapó, Barranquilla (27°18'41.4"S; 70°30'22.6"W), 2♀ 1imm., 10.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166848); Huasco Alto (28°12'34.0"S; 71°05'40.4"W), 2♀ 1imm., 9.XI.2013, same collectors (IBSP 166847); Caleta Chañaral de Aceituno, 18m (29°28'22.1"S; 71°17'33.7"W), 1♂ 6♀ 7imm., 11.XI.2013, same collectors (IBSP 166850); Carrizalillo, 124m (29°37'38.3"S; 71°14'37.5"W), 1♂ 2imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166849); III Región de Coquimbo: Elqui Province: La Higuera, Los Choros, Llano Choros [29°14'02.4"S; 71°22'02.4"W], 1♀, I.S. E. leg. (LEULS); Los Choros [29°15'35.5"S; 71°01'41.4"W], 2♀, 25‒27.VIII.1965, D.N. et al. leg. (LEULS); Los Choros, 15km de Punta Choros [29°14'27.5"S; 71°25'44.1"W], 1♀, 3.VI.2005, V. M.R. leg. (LEULS); 1♀, 8.X.2005, D.V. leg. (LEULS); 1♀, 8.XI.2005, M.A. leg. (LEULS); Punta Choros [29°14'49''S; 71°27'42''W], 12♀, 25‒27.VIII.2005, D.V. et al. leg. (LEULS); 2♀, 26.VIII.2005, J.P.A. leg. (LEULS); 1♀ 3imm., 6‒9.X.2005, D.A.Z. leg. (LEULS); 5♀, 19.XI.2005, D.A.Z. & L.S. leg. (LEULS); La Serena, Punta de Teatinos, 39m (29°29'29.1"S; 71°10'26.5"W), 1♀, 8.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166846); Punta de Teatinos [29°55'25.6"S; 71°15'27.3"W], 1♀, 7.XI.2006, L.S. E. leg. (LEULS); Las Companias [29°52'37.7"S; 71°14'06.3"W], Llaves, 1♀, 23.VI.2007, L. Cortes leg. (LEULS); Compania Baja [29°52'45.7"S; 71°14'55.7"W], 1♂, 26.III.2007, Y. L.P. leg. (LEULS); Coquimbo Province: La Pampilla [29°57'32.36"S; 71°21'10.87"W], 1♀, VIII.1977, L. Alvarez leg. (MHNS 645); Ovalle, La Alcaparra, 342m (30°17'10.6"S; 71°05'44.7"W), 3imm., 8.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166845); Ovalle, 337m (30°20'26.520"S; 71°6'32.580"W), 1♂ 9♀ 8imm., 8.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166844); Camino a Fray Jorge, 388m (30°21'27.8"S; 71°23'31.9"W), 3♀ 2imm., 12.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166851); Combarbalá, La Ligua Baja (31°09'02.2"S; 71°17'07.8"W), 1♀, 7.XI.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166843); Canela Baja, Camino a Canela Alta, 429m (31°13'34.4"S; 71°11'49.7"W), 2♀1imm., same date and collector (IBSP 166842); Canela Baja (31°14'36.8"S; 71°16'33.7"W), 15♀8imm., same date and collector (IBSP 166841); Choapa Province: Illapel, Valle de Pupio, Cuz-Cuz, 204m (31°24'0.07"S; 71°10'33.78"W), 1♂ 3♀ 2imm., 8.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166832); Salamanca, El Tambo, 403m (31°27'46.97"S; 71°02'24.39"W), 2♀ 3imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166834); Salamanca, 489m (31°28'14.69"S; 70°35'31.24"W), 2♀ 1imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166833); Los Vilos, near Puerto Punta Chungo, 19m (31°31'33.67"S; 71°17'41.02"W), 1♀ 1imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166831); 10km S of Los Vilos [31°55'S; 71°31'W], 1♀ 1imm., I.1989, P. Goloboff leg. (MACN-Ar 10099); Los Vilos [31°55'S; 71°31'W], 3imm., 30.IX.1983, E. Maury leg. (MACN-Ar 10098); Ruta 5 km 212, Quebrada 16km N Pichidangui, 10m (32°01'00.5"S; 71°30'29.0"W), 2♂, 20.II.2005, M. Ramírez & F. Labarque leg. (MACN-Ar 10787; 10788); Pichidangui, Valle de Quillimari, 59m (32°03'53.35"S; 71°18'14.07"W), 1♀, 7.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166830); Pichidangui [32°08'S; 71°32'W], 1♂, 12.VIII.1966, E.I. Schlinger leg. (CAS 9046571); Pichidangui (32°08'14.28"S; 71°32'3.33"W), 1♀ 12imm., 20.II.2012, M.J. Ramírez et al. leg. (MACN-Ar 28670); III Región de Valparaíso: Petorca Province: Quebrada de Chivato, 1 km S of Los Molles [32°14'22"S; 71°30'54"W], 1♀, 30.IX.1988, P. Goloboff et al. leg. (MACN-Ar 10106); Papudo, 76m (32°18'11,08"S; 71°16'45,37"W), 5♀ 9imm., 9.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166835); Zapallar, La Laguna, 54m (32°23'22,56"S; 71°15'15,84"W), 15♀4imm. same date and collectors (IBSP 166836; 166837); Pichicuy [32°20'18"S; 71°27'36"W], 20m, 1♀, 9.II.1986, N.I. Platnick leg. (AMNH, paratype of A. levii ); San Felipe de Aconcagua Province: San Felipe, El Guayacán, 370m (32°17'54,02''S; 70°33'30,02"W), 1♀, 6.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166827); San Felipe, 670m (32°25'24,96"S; 70°26'32,74"W), 2♀, same date and collectors (IBSP 166825); Putaendo, 947m (32°20'24"S; 70°25'33,63"W), 1♂ 3♀, same date and collectors (IBSP 166826); Quillota Province: Quillota, Cuesta El Melón, elev. 520m (32°52'S; 71°15'W), 1♀, 10.I.1985, N.I. Platnick & O.F. Francke leg. (AMNH); Ocoa, Borda do Parque Nacional La Campana, 355m (32°32'59,27"S; 71°03'15,11"W), 1♂ 1♀ 1imm., 23.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166788); Ocoa, Borda do Parque Nacional La Campana, Palmas de Ocoa, 440m (32°33'36,1"S; 71°03'4,6"W), 2♀ 1imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166789); Los Andes Province: Los Andes, Juncal, 1950m [33°02'25"S; 70°05'01"W], 1♀, I.1984, P. Goloboff leg. (MACN-Ar 10102); Valparaíso Province: Los Andes, Río Blanco, 1031m (32°30'47.88''S; 70°16'21.756''W), 3♀, 6.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166945); Casablanca [33°19'S; 71°25'W''], 1♀ 2imm. (MNRJ 1094); Juan Fernandez Islands [33°38'42,5"S; 78°49'23,48"W], Masafuera, 2♂ 4♀ 10imm., II.1978 (MHNS 765); 1♀1imm., R. Wachenknechr leg. (MNRJ 588); 1♀, Dr. Plate leg. (NHM 222.); 1♂ (NHM); 3♀2imm., 1905, Porter leg. (MNHNP-AR 7046); RM Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Las Chilcas, Camino a Llaya Llay, Puente Pedro Bustos M., 616m (32°31'16,32"S; 70°30'31,32"W), 3♀ 1imm., 23.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166787); Santiago, Caminho para Farillones, 1994m (33°12'41,4"S; 70°11'51,35"W), 2♂ 6♀ 1imm., 21.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166783); Camino para Farillones, 1262m (33°12'46,43"S; 70°13'18,48"W), 3♂6♀2imm. (IBSP 166782); Valle Lo Campino, 482m (33°13'55,16"S; 70°26'4,84"W), 1♀, 24.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166790); Cerro San Cristóbal, 650m (33°15'31,60"S; 70°22'45,48"W), 2♂ 15♀ 3imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166792); Cuesta Lo Prado, 499m (33°16'29,67"S; 70°32'20,97"W), 1♂ 15♀ 5imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166791); Guayacán, Río Colorado (33°59'S; 70°37'W), 1♀, I.1984, P. Goloboff leg. (MACN-Ar 10100); Cerro Santa Lucía [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], 1♂, II.1961, A.F. Andres leg. (AMNH); Talagante [33°40'S; 70°52'W], 1♀, VII.1961, O. Ramírez leg. (AMNH); Cantillana [33°58'S; 70°58'W], 1♀, 10‒22.XII.1983, L. Irarrazaval leg. (AMNH); Santiago [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W], 11♀ 3imm., 20.X.2009, T.H. Kawamoto leg. (IBSP 161292; 166664); 1♀ 1imm., 1899, Silv leg. (MNHNP-AR); 1♂, 25.IV.1985 (MHNS 882); Lo Barnechea [33°22'15"S; 70°26'00"W], Puente El Ñilhue, Camia Tarellones, 1♀, I.1962, Mann leg. (MHNS 602); Cordillera Province: San José de Maipo, Cajon del Maipo, Camiño Central, Hidrelétrica Los Maitenes, 1001m (33°20'32,28"S; 70°12'17,28"W), 3♀ 1imm., 22.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit et al. leg. (IBSP 166784); San José de Maipo, Cajon del Maipo, El Manzano, 880m (33°20'51,72"S; 70°14'48,83"W), 3♂1♀1imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166786); San José de Maipo, Cajon del Maipo, Pasando San José de Maipo, 1005m (33°24'16,91"S; 70°12'28,79"W), 2♀, same date and collectors, (IBSP 166785); San José de Maipo, Trilha para Refúgio Lagunillas [33°41'S; 70°20'W], 1♀, 3.III.2007, E. Álvares leg. (IBSP 73492); Maipo Province: Buin, Linderos [33°45'46"S; 70°44'07"W], 4♀ 3imm., V.1963, Fritz leg. (MACN- Ar 10119); Huélquen, 434m (33°29'16,79"S; 70°23'17,15"W), 1♂ 2♀ 1imm., 25.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166793); Huélquen, 390m (33°31'29,78"S; 70°24'14,5"W), 1♀ 1imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166794); VI Región de O'Higgins: Cachapoal Province: Machalí, Coya, 780m (34°07'04"S; 70°22'7,35"W), 4♀ 2imm., 5.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166828); Machalí, Coya, 873m (34°07'17,07"S; 70°18'20,05"W), 4♀, same date and collectors (IBSP 166823; 166824); Machalí, Los Nogales, 653m (34°08'4,95"S; 70°23'44,7"W), 25♀ 5imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166821; 166822); Doñihue, camino para Doñihue, 449m (34°06'47,44"S; 70°30'25,09"W), 33♀ 4imm., 25.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166795); Cachapoal, R. N. Rio de Los Ciprestes, sector Las Arpas, elev. 1066m (34°16'52,1"S; 70°27'04,2"W), 3♀ 3imm., 20. VII.2 0 10, A. Ojanguren et al. leg. (MACN-Ar 29460; 29461; 29463); Coltauco, Próximo ao Cemitério Municipal, 252m (34°10'7,96"S; 71°03'19,65"W), 5♀ 3imm., 25.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 16 6796); Coltauco, entre Coltauco e Telmo, 220m (34°13'40,36"S; 71°54'0,35"W), 2♂ 9♀ 1imm., 26.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166797); Pichidegua, Pataguas Cerro, 117m (34°11'20,65"S; 71°13'47,31"W), 4♀ 4imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166798); Pichidegua, 152m (34°12'25,92"S; 71°11'43,04"W), 3♂ 3♀ 4imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166799); San Vicente [34°26'22"S; 71°04'34"W], 3♀, Silv leg. (MNHNP-AR); Itahue, 241m (35°04'31,79"S; 71°12'59,11"W), 9♀ 7imm., 26.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166 802); Cardenal Caro Province: Litueche, 309m (34°32'56,04"S; 71°24'38,52"W), 14♀ 5imm., 4.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166820); Marchihue, 230m (34°11'54,42"S; 71°21'58,6"W), 6♀ 2imm, same date and collectors (IBSP 166819); Colchagua Province: Palmilla, Isla de Yaquil, 156m (34°20'25,94"S; 71°14'37,75"W), 3♀, 4.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166818); San Fernando, 346m (34°21'53,67"S; 71°00'19,26"W), 32♀8imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166 816); Puquillay Alto, 338m (34°23'52,62"S; 71°56'51,35"W), 2♂ 12♀ 8imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166817); Santa Cruz, Quinahue, Pista de Motocross, 185m (34°25'10,84"S; 70°11'49,16"W), 4♀ 2imm., 26.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166800); Chépica, Rincón de los Navarros, 235m (34°29'22,63"S; 71°07'37,09"W), 1♀, same date and collectors, (IBSP 166801); VII Región de Maule: Curicó Province: Curicó [34°59'S; 71°14'W], 10km E Los Queñes, 1000m, 1♀, 23.II‒9.III.2001, J.E. Barriga leg. (CAS 904 6537); Curicó, Los Niches, Fundo Barriga, elev. 299m (35°03'47,4"S; 71°07'22,3"W), 1♀, 18.VII.2010, A. Ojanguren et al. leg. (MACN-Ar 29458); Talca Province: Talca, Cerro La Virgen, 150m (35°15'8,06"S; 71°24'41,61"W), 4♀ 1imm., 27.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166803); Gil de Vilches [35°29'S; 70°58'W], 1♀, 7.I.1989, M. Ramírez leg. (MNHNP-AR 14919); 1♀2imm., 16‒17.I.1984, P. Goloboff leg. (MACN-Ar 10112; 10113); 1♀, 7‒8.I.1984, E. Maury leg. (MACN-Ar 10114); Maule Province: Maule, 178m (35°18'14,97"S; 71°25'18,55"W), 3♀, 27.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166 804); Las Garzas, La Suiza, 653m (35°27'49,28"S; 70°35'50,1"W), 1♂ 10♀ 3imm., 2.II.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166814); Tregualemu [35°57'19"S; 72°44'46"W], 2♀, II.1966, I. Moyano leg. (UCCC); Cauquenes Province: Chanco, Reserva Nacional Federico Albert, 45m (35°26'7,07"S; 72°19'15,96"W), 1♀, 27.III.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166806); Cauquenes, Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles, 180m (35°30'1,54"S; 72°18'21,38"W), 1♀, same date and collectors (IBSP 166805); Cauquenes, Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles, elev. 174m (35°50'02,6"S; 72°30'35,7"W), 1♀ 1imm., 17.VII.2010, A. Ojanguren et al. leg. (MACN-Ar 29465); Linares Province: Linares, El Canelo [35°51'S; 71°36'W], 1♀ 7imm., X.1963, Fritz leg. (MACN-Ar 10110); VIII Región de Bío-Bío: Ñuble Province: San Fabián de Alico, Fundo El Sauce [36°33'S; 71°33'W], 1♂ 4♀ 7imm., 8‒24.I.1986, L.E. Peña leg. (AMNH); Chillán, Chillán Viejo, 142m (36°22'50,01"S; 72°02'44,91"W), 2♀, 1.IV.2013, A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalhães leg. (IBSP 166811); Pinto, Las Trancas, 1150m (36°32'49,45"S; 71°18'24,8"W), 5♀ 9imm., same date and collectors (IBSP 166812); Chillán, Las Trancas [36°36'21"S; 72°06'13"W], 2♂ 1♀ 3imm., II.1980, L. Peña leg. (AMNH); Concepción Province: Talcahuano [36°43'S; 73°07'W], 2♀, 27.VII.1962, Mendéz leg. (UCCC); Hualpén [36°47'32"S; 73°05'44"W], 1♀, 1975, Tapia leg. (UCCC); Peñuelas [36°58'50''S;72°27'7''W], 1♀, 25.III.1978, D. Gasland leg. (UCCC); Concepción; Río Andalien [36°50'S; 73°03'W], 2♂ 4♀ 13imm., 11.I.1983, G. Muñoz leg. (AMNH); Concepción [36°50'S; 73°03'W], 1♀, 12.VIII.1979, Artigas leg. (UCCC); 1♂ 3♀ 1imm., 8.VIII.1955 (UCCC); 1&male : Published as part of Giroti, André Marsola & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2018, The taxonomy of the American Ariadna Audouin (Araneae: Synspermiata: Segestriidae), pp. 1-114 in Zootaxa 4400 (1) on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4400.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1207641 : {"references": ["Nicolet, A. C. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, pp. 319 - 543.", "Keyserling, E. (1877) Amerikanische Spinnenarten aus den Familien der Pholcoidae, Scytodoidae und Dysderoidae. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 27, 205 - 234.", "Simon, E. (1896) Etude sur les Arachnides du Chili. Premier memoire. Actes de la Societe Scientifique du Chilie, 6, 63 - 70 + CIV - CVII.", "Petrunkevitch, A. 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