Mycale (Aegogropila) antiae Urgorri & Díaz-Agras 2019, new species

• Main Authors: Urgorri, Victoriano, Díaz-Agras, Guillermo
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2019
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Mycalidae; Mycale; Mycale antiae; Mycale aegogropila antiae; Lamarck; Cornwall; Montagu; Gravier; Buttress; Adriana; Joubin; Arktis; Arktis*
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5931728; https://zenodo.org/record/5931728

Mycale (Aegogropila) antiae new species Diagnosis. Mycale (A.) antiae sp. nov. possesses mycalostyles, 3 types of anisochelae: I, II and III, microxeas in dragmata and raphides in trichodragmata. Ectosomal tangential reticulation is triangular or polygonal and coanosomal skeleton of longitudinal axial tracts with feathered fan-like plurispicular bundles. Type locality . Fornelos (Ría de Ferrol, NW Iberian Peninsula) on rocky bottoms between 17 and 20 m deep (43° 28’ 02’’ N; 008° 18’ 50’’ W). Holotype and Paratype 1: 16/03/2017. Paratypes 2–20: 05/04/2017. Type material and deposition . Holotype : FoRdeF-00- 160317 (MHN-USC-10109) preserved in 70% ethanol, a piece in 100% ethanol for DNA, 36 preparations of sclerites, tracts and fragments for their study under SEM, five preparations of sclerites for OM and a fragment scanned in the Micro-CT. Dimensions.- Base: 56.2 x 28.1 mm; Height: 45.1 mm; Branch: 149.8 mm. Paratype 1 : FoRdeF-01- 160317 (MHN-USC-10110-01) preserved in 70% etanol, the whole specimen was scanned in the Micro-CT. Dimensions.- Base: 28.4 x 26.4 mm; Height: 22.9 mm; Branch: absent. Paratype 2 : FoRdeF-02- 050417 (MNCN 1.01/1.015.) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 77.7 x 44.5 mm; Height: 34.3 mm; Branch: absent. Paratype 3 : FoRdeF-03- 050417 (MNCN 1.01/1.019.) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 65.2 x 42.4 mm; Height: 69.5 mm; Branch: 105.8 mm. Paratype 4 : FoRdeF-04- 050417 (MNHN-IP-2015-1411) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 43.5 x 38.5 mm; Height: 20.3 mm; Branch: 98.9 mm. Paratype 5 : FoRdeF-05- 050417 (ZSM 20181411) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 31.6 x 29.7 mm; Height: 18.5 mm; Branch: absent. Paratype 6 : FoRdeF-06- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-06) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 48.1 x 34.4 mm; Height: 42.1 mm; Branch: 71.8 mm. Paratype 7 : FoRdeF-07- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-07) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 54.2 x 32.7 mm; Height: 43.8 mm; Branch: 93.0 mm. Paratype 8 : FoRdeF-08- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-08) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 54.8 x 26.5 mm; Height: 37.1 mm; Branch: 62.2 mm. Paratype 9 : FoRdeF-09- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-09) preserved in 70% etanol, a branch end scanned in the Micro-CT. Dimensions.- Bases: 51.4 x 36.7 mm and 33.3 x 29.4 mm; Height: 40.1 mm; Branch: 109.6 mm. Paratype 10 : FoRdeF-10- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-10) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 53.6 x 17.4 mm; Height: 35.2 mm; Branch: 50.4 mm. Paratype 11 : FoRdeF-11- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-11) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 36.2 x 22.1 mm; Height: 21.5 mm; Branch: 186.6 mm. Paratype 12 : FoRdeF-12- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-12) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Bases: 20.3 x 16.3 mm and 43.5 x 26.2 mm; Height: 45.1 mm; Branch: 40.2 mm. Paratype 13 : FoRdeF-13- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-13) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Bases: 85.7 x 34.3 mm and 49.1 x 32.7 mm; Height: 50.8 mm; Branch: 128.9 mm. Paratype 14 : FoRdeF-14- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-14) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 46.7 x 31.6 mm; Height: 36.7 mm; Branch: 50.2 mm. Paratype 15 : FoRdeF-15- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-15) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 52.1 x 35.7 mm; Height: 33.6 mm; Branch: 52.4 mm. Paratype 16 : FoRdeF-16- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-16) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 55.2 x 33.6 mm; Height: 35.9 mm; Branch: 44.8 mm. Paratype 17 : FoRdeF-17- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-17) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Base: 44.3 x 31.2 mm; Height: 29.5 mm; Branch: 22.7 mm. Paratype 18 : FoRdeF-18- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-18) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Bases: 54.2 x 28.6 mm and 34.1 x 28.6 mm; Height: 51.6 mm; Branch: 47.9 mm. Paratype 19 : FoRdeF-19- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-19) preserved in 70% ethanol. Dimensions.- Bases: 27.2 x 14.3 mm and 20.3 x 13.2 mm; Height: 40.5 mm; Branch: 47.4 mm. Paratype 20 : FoRdeF-20- 050417 (MHN-USC-10110-20) preserved in 70% ethanol, a piece in 100% ethanol for DNA. Dimensions. Base: 24.8 x 19.1 mm; Height: 39.1 mm; Branch: 37.1 mm. A microscopic preparation was made of Paratypes 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 to measure the spicules at SEM, and of each of the 20 Paratypes a microscopic preparation was made for their study and dimensions under OM. The Holotype, the Paratypes 1, 6–20 and all microscopic preparations for SEM and OM have been deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain (MHN-USC). Paratypes 2 and 3 has been deposited at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain (MNCN), Paratype 4 at the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN) and Paratype 5 at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany (ZSM). Derivatio nominis. The species is dedicated to Antía Urgorri, daughter of the first author who recently became mother of a baby girl called Adriana. Description. Habitus . The general macroscopic appearance is apricot-coloured, slightly orange or yellowish, 215 Séguy (1936) (R: 255, G: 195, B: 76), with multiple small sulphur yellow spots, 286 Séguy (1936) (R: 235, G: 236, B: 119), ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 mm and scattered over the entire surface of the sponge, except around the oscula (Figs. 2 A–E, G, J). After fixation in 70% ethanol, the general colour turns ash grey, 235 Séguy (1936) (R: 120, G: 107, B: 90), and the yellow spots turn slightly greyish white, 680 Séguy (1936) (R: 231, G: 228, B: 226), (Figs. 2F, H). Mild consistency, barely mucous, resistant but slightly brittle. Smooth, semi-transparent surface, with a dense tangential multispicular reticulation, with inhalant pores (ostia) of variable sizes barely visible in the meshes and with subectosomal canals forming furrows with a diameter between 0.4 and 1.5 mm, running among the yellow sulphur spots and visible under the surface (Figs. 2 G–J). In the specimens fixed in 70% ethanol, the subectosomal canals depress, reinforcing their visibility (Fig. 2H). The general structure of the sponge consists of a massive base from which one or several long digitiform processes, more or less branched or even anastomosing emerge, reaching a maximum height of about 69.5 mm in the type series. The massive base is firmly attached to the rocky substratum, but the sponge grows on or around structures of other species or inert objects (Figs. 2B, C, D, E). At first sight the studied specimens have been observed growing around the base of the gorgonia L. lusitanica , on the conical papillae of the sponge C. penicillus , on the ascidian Stolonica socialis Hartmeyer, 1903, on the hydrozoan Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821), on the tube of the polychaete Spiochaetopterus sp., on the arborescent bryozoa Omalosecosa ramulosa (Linnaeus, 1767) and Buskea dichotoma (Hincks, 1862) and around fishing lines. By means of the Micro-CT it was observed that Paratype 1 grew around two tubes of the polychaete Sabellaria alcocki Gravier, 1906, on the calcareous shells of the cirripede Verruca stroemia (Müller, 1776) and the shell of the bivalve Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Figs. 8E, G). The simplest form of M. antiae sp. nov. is represented by two specimens (Paratypes 1 and 5) which show only a massive base more or less irregularly conical, with no ramifications and ending in a single large osculum in the apex (Fig. 2A). Paratype 2 shows an extensive base that gathers several conical bases growing around the papillae of C. penicillus , some of which are fully covered whereas others are only partially covered. In this case, the osculum is also located apically next to the free region of the papilla (Fig. 2B). The rest of type series of M. antiae sp. nov. comprise larger specimens with one or several joined massive bases, of conical and cylindrical shape more or less irregular and vertically more elongated, whose height depends on the surrounding structure, being the highest ones those growing on the gorgonia L. lusitanica or the papillae of C. penicillus (Figs. 2 C–E). However, it can be said that most specimens are lower than the diameter of the base seated on the substratum. Almost all specimens present one or several long digitiform branches, which mostly arise from the apical area near the osculum and a few from the basal area. The short branches stand erect vertically, horizontally or obliquely upwards, but the long branches, which are larger, end resting on the substratum, except when there are erect elements to grasp on (gorgonians) (Fig. 2 C–E). Almost all branches bifurcate or trifurcate at their ends. Larger branches can ramify again and occasionally form lunula-like anastomoses. Paratypes 9, 12, 13, 18 and 19 have two separate bases which are connected at the top by one or two branches (Figs. 2 C–D). The size of the sponge ranges from the smallest with a base of 28.4 x 26.4 mm and 22.9 mm in height, to the largest with a base of 65.2 x 42.4 mm and 69.5 mm in height. In addition to the single apical osculum of the massive bases (Fig. 2A), the longest and largest branches have one or two oscula that are well separated in the upper region (Figs. 2 C–D): very large oscula, between 2.5 and 6.7 mm, with an elevated rim membranous and depigmented; the final openings of the subectosomal exhalant canals can be clearly seen in situ . When touched in vivo in the laboratory, they close like a sphincter, leaving the rims wrinkled, whereas in the specimens fixed in 70% ethanol they close in a conical shape, leaving the mycalostyles that support the membranous rim clearly visible (Fig. 2F). Spicules . The distribution of the spicule sizes of the Holotype and Paratypes 1–20 are listed in Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 7. Megascleres : Mycalostyles of a single category are the only megascleres (Fig. 3) which are long and smooth subtylostyles, with an average length of 342.8 µm; those fully developed range between 300–400 µm (Figs. 3 A–D and Fig. 7A). Mycalostyles of less than 300 µm in length also appear with moderate frequency. The grainy appearance of their pointed ends (Figs. 3 E–F) may indicate they are still developing. All mycalostyles are fusiform, slightly curved, with one acerate pointed end and the other end, the head, with a slightly globular dilatation, whose shape varies according to the length of the spicule, from very oblong in the small ones to oval in the large ones (Figs. 3 G–N). When the shaft is larger than 3 µm, it is wider than the head; however, when it is inferior to 3 µm, the head is wider (Fig. 7C). The longer spicules are not necessarily the wider ones (Figs. 3 A–B). Sometimes some deformed heads show lateral expansion (Figs. 3 O–R) and are the only ones, wider than 3 µm, where the width of the head is greater than or equal to the shaft (Fig. 7C, see arrows). Microscleres : Three types of anisochelae: I, II and III, raphides in trichodragmata and microxeas in dragmata. Anisochelae I : It is the largest and most abundant anisochela in the sponge, with an average length of 46.0 µm, ranging from 38.7 µm in the shortest to 54.3 µm in the longest, although most (50%) range between 44–47 µm (Fig. 7B and Table 2). In a large 51.2 µm long spicule, the head occupies 55.5% of the total length, the shaft 28.9% and the foot 15.6% (Fig. 4Y). Strong shaft of oval section, rectilinear in lateral view and with slightly widened ends in front view, slightly wider in its connection with the lateral alae of the foot than with those of the head (Figs. 4 A–D, Y). The shaft extends in the head at an angle of 164°–166° (Figs. 4E). The head is palmate, robust, deltoid-shaped. The larger the spicule is, the more rounded the vertices, the broader the base and the less accuminated the apex (Figs. 4 A–D). Lateral alae of the head are totally fused to the shaft. Basal portion of the lateral alae project slightly backwards, which causes two small depressions on the sides of the shaft continuation into the head, forming a soft and barely noticeable medial prominence (Fig. 4F). The free parts of the alae are arcuate forwards and show slightly curved margins. Symmetrical frontal ala, are ovate and a third narrower (66%) than the lateral alae as a whole, with the margins arcuate inwards, especially in the lower 2/3, but less arcuate than the lateral alae. The frontal ala forms an angle between 35.5° and 45.5° with the axis of the head shaft; both are internally joined by a narrow buttress, with the lower free margin arched. The buttress joins the shaft of the head at the upper third of the length and joins the frontal ala at the 2/3 of its upper length, resulting in a soft depression in the medial exterior of the frontal ala (Figs. 4E, F, Y, 6F). The foot is much shorter than the head, with a short shaft of 8.0 µm (Fig. 4Y) slightly deviated from the shaft axis at an angle of 165°–170° only perceptible when the spicula is seen sideways (Figs. 4E, 6F). In relation to the longitudinal axis of the shaft of the spicula, the antero-posterior axis of the foot set is slightly inclined forwards forming an angle of approximately 118°–121° (Figs. 4E, F, 6F). The lateral alae of the foot are curved forwards, forming the set of the two alae with their axis, a semicircular rectangle of blunt vertices, with the basal margin thickened and the upper free margin thinned. Frontal ala of the foot curved backwards, also forming a rectangular semicircle but higher, with blunt vertices, thickened and arched basal margin and thinned and rectilinear or slightly curved upper margin (Figs. 4 A–F, 6F). The frontal ala of the foot is slightly inclined forwards so that the lateral and frontal alae margins, which are very close (Figs. 4E, Z, 6F), are farther apart superiorly (1.5–2 µm) than inferiorly (0.4–0.5 µm). The central axis of the lateral alae and the frontal ala of the foot are internally joined by a buttress of oblong section, inferiorly rectilinear, almost at the margin of the alae and arched at the upper third of the height of the foot in its middle region (Figs. 4Z, 6F). In the not completely formed spicules (Fig. 4D) the alae of the head and foot are less curved, the frontal ala of the head is accuminated and the frontal ala of the foot shows a minute protuberance. Palmate anisochelae I are organized in the subectosome in rosettes (Fig. 6F), arranged radially under the nodes of reticulation, in the divergent plurispicular fan-like bundles and sometimes around one or two mycalostyles (Figs. 8 B–J). Anisochelae I are joined together by appositioning of their feet. Eighteen rosettes have been studied, with a diameter between 84.3 and 111.3 µm (Fig. 7H) and the number of anisochelae counted in each rosette varied between 12 and 22 (Table 3). However, taking into account that some anisochelae have become detached in the process of manipulation and mounting and by observing those presenting a more regular set, it can be affirmed that the number of anisochelae per rosette is always higher than 20. Apparently, the arrangement of the anisochelae in the rosettes does not have a specific order. In some rosettes it was observed that several anisochelae had two to four longitudinal folds on the medial external face of the frontal ala of the foot. Rosettes are very frequent in the sponge and in certain areas are very abundant having counted 14, 15 and 17 rosettes per mm 2. Anisochelae II : It is the middle-sized anisochela and the most scarce in the sponge, with an average length of 23.3 µm, ranging between 19.4 µm the shortest and 27.7 µm the longest, although the majority (75%) ranges between 21–25 µm (Fig. 7D and Table 2). In the fully formed anisochelae II, the head occupies 60% of the total length, the shaft 20% and the foot 20% (Fig. 4 H–N). The shaft is short, strong, oval, rectilinear or slightly curved inwards; frontally with slightly widened ends, slightly wider in its connection with the lateral alae of the foot than with those of the head. The shaft continues straight with the foot and forms an angle of 154°–158° with the head showing a small hump at their connection (Figs. 4 L–M). Palmate head, from oval to egg-shaped in front view and conical in side view (Figs. 4 H–N). Lateral alae of the head totally fused to the shaft, with the basal portion of the lateral alae projecting slightly backwards and with a barely noticeable medial prominence, corresponding to the head shaft, which reaches almost the spicula apex. Side margins of the lateral alae are almost parallel and strongly curved forwards, whereas the lower margins, which are not curved, form a 120° angle with the shaft. Frontal ala symmetrical, flattened, egg-shaped and barely narrower (15%) than the whole set of lateral alae. Narrow side margins curved inwards with the lower front 1/5 of the ala projecting slightly forwards (Figs. 4 H–N). The frontal ala forms an angle between 28° and 31° with the axis of the head shaft. The ala and the shaft are internally connected by a narrow buttress with a very arched lower free margin, which joins the frontal ala medially like a crest at 4/5 of its length, just as far as the frontal ala is projected forwards, although it has not been possible to observe the connection of the buttress with the head shaft (Figs. 4 H– N). The foot is much shorter than the head (1/3) and rectilinear with the shaft axis (Figs. 4 L–M). In relation to the longitudinal axis of the spicula shaft, the antero-posterior axis of the foot set is slightly inclined forwards forming an angle of approximately 112°–117°. The lateral alae of the foot are curved forwards, forming the set of the two alae with its axis a rectangular semicircle of blunt vertices. Foot frontal ala with side margins curved backwards, forming a quadrangular arch, but 25% higher than the lateral alae, with the blunt vertices and the upper margin not curved, with a denticular protuberance slightly or not protruding, and the lower margin slightly curved (Figs. 4 H– K). The frontal ala is inclined forwards, so that the side and frontal ala margins have a greater separation above (1 µm) than below (0.25 µm). The central axis of the lateral alae and the frontal ala of the foot are internally joined by a buttress inferiorly rectilinear and blunt and superiorly arched, with a thin margin ascending up the interior middle region of the frontal ala to almost the end of the denticular protuberance (Figs. 4 L–M). Anisochelae III : It is the smallest anisochela with an average length of 12.7 µm, ranging from 10.1 µm the shortest to 15.7 µm the longest, although the majority (50%) ranges between 12–13 µm (Fig. 7D and Table 2). In anisochelae III, the head occupies 55% of the total length, the shaft 19% and the foot 26% (Figs. 4 O–X). However, this proportionality refers to the lateral alae of the head and foot, since the frontal ala : Published as part of Urgorri, Victoriano & Díaz-Agras, Guillermo, 2019, Mycale (Aegogropila) antiae sp. nov. (Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Mycalidae) from Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula), pp. 151-184 in Zootaxa 4550 (2) on pages 155-174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2625215 : {"references": ["Seguy, E. (1936) Code universel des couleurs. Encyclopedie pratique du naturaliste. Fol. XXX. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 68 pp.", "Hartmeyer, R. (1903) Die Ascidien der Arktis. Fauna Arctica, 3 (2), 91 - 412.", "Lamouroux, J. V. F. 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