Basic Characteristics of Medically Important Alphaviruses (Togaviridae)
Özet Uluslararası Virüs Sınıflandırma Komitesi ( International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV) tarafından yayımlanan raporlara göre tür düzeyinde tanımlanan virüslerin sayısı son birkaç yılda 5.561’den (ICTV 2018b) 9.110’a (ICTV 2020) ulaşmıştır. Yeni geliştirilen moleküler biyoloji teknikler...
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| Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
| Language: | Turkish |
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Zenodo
2021
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| Online Access: | https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5518042 https://zenodo.org/record/5518042 |
| Summary: | Özet Uluslararası Virüs Sınıflandırma Komitesi ( International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV) tarafından yayımlanan raporlara göre tür düzeyinde tanımlanan virüslerin sayısı son birkaç yılda 5.561’den (ICTV 2018b) 9.110’a (ICTV 2020) ulaşmıştır. Yeni geliştirilen moleküler biyoloji teknikleri ve yaygınlaşan saha çalışmaları yanında, virüslerin sadece enfeksiyöz patojenler olarak görüldüğü ve tanımlandığı geleneksel bakışın aksine virüslerin aşı çalışmaları veya genetik temelli tedaviler için biyolojik araçlar olarak da incelendiği günümüzün yeni anlayışı tanımlanan tür sayısındaki hızlı artışın önemli bir nedeni olmuştur. Son yıllarda viral enfeksiyonların epidemiyolojisindeki hızlı değişimler ve pandemik virüslerin küresel düzeydeki yıkıcı etkileri de bilim dünyasının salgın potansiyeli olan virüsler başta olmak üzere viroloji alanına karşı ilgisinin artmasına yol açmıştır. Tüm dünyaya yayılmış türleri ile insanlarda ve hayvanlarda salgınlara neden olan ve bazı türleri yüksek mortaliteli enfeksiyonlarla ilişkili olan alfaviruslar başlıca sivrisinekler aracılığı ile bulaştırılmaktadır. İnsanlarda başlıca artritojenik ve ensefalitik enfeksiyonlarla ilişkili olan alfavirusların bazı türleri ise insanlar için enfeksiyöz veya patojen değildir. Alfavirus cinsinin üyeleri arasında suda yaşayan böcek parazitler aracılığı ile balıklar ve foklar gibi deniz canlılarını enfekte eden türler olduğu gibi, sadece sivrisinekleri enfekte edebildikleri için deneysel çalışmalarda güvenli araçlar olarak öne çıkan türler de bulunmaktadır. Dahası rekombinan alfaviruslar ve alfaviral replikazlar replikatif mRNA’ların tasarlanmasında ve mRNA temelli aşıların geliştirilmesinde biyolojik araçlar olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ensefalit etkeni alfavirusların yaygın görülen türleri için başlıca atlarda kullanılmak üzere geliştirilen zayıflatılmış ve inaktive aşılar mevcut iken, farklı alfavirus türleri için insanlarda kullanılabilecek aşı ve antiviraller için geliştirme çalışmaları halen devam etmektedir. Alfavirusları, tarihçelerinden başlayarak biyolojik ve genomik özellikleri, konak dağılımları ve neden oldukları hastalıklar yönünden güncel literatür verilerine dayalı olarak inceleyen bu makale bu virüslerin temel virolojik karakteristiklerini özetlemektedir. Abstract According to the reports published by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the number of viruses defined at the species level has increased from 5,561 (ICTV 2018b) to 9,110 (ICTV 2020) in the last few years. In addition to newly developed molecular biology techniques and widespread field studies, today's new understanding in which viruses are also examined as biological tools for vaccine studies or genetic-based treatments, contrary to the traditional view that viruses are seen and defined only as infectious pathogens, has been an important reason for the rapid increase in the number of defined species. In recent years, the rapid changes in the epidemiology of viral infections and the devastating effects of pandemic viruses at the global level have led to an increase in the scientific world's interest in the field of virology, especially viruses with epidemic potential. Alphaviruses, which have spread all over the world, cause epidemics in humans and animals, and some species are associated with high-mortality infections, are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. Alphaviruses are primarily associated with arthritogenic and encephalitic infections in humans, but some species are not infectious or pathogenic to humans. Among the members of the genus Alphavirus, there are species that infect sea creatures such as fish and seals through aquatic insect parasites, as well as species that stand out as safe tools in experimental studies because they can only infect mosquitoes. Moreover, recombinant alphaviruses and alphaviral replicases are used as biological tools in the design of replicative mRNAs and in the development of mRNA-based vaccines. While there are available attenuated and inactivated vaccines developed mainly for use in horses for common encephalitic alphavirus species, development studies are still ongoing for vaccines and antivirals that can be used in humans for different alphavirus types. 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