Hybotidae Macquart 1827

• Main Authors: Sinclair, Bradley J., Cumming, Jeffrey M.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2006
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Hybotidae; New Zealand; Sinclair; Tuomikoski; Fennoscandia
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5059460; https://zenodo.org/record/5059460

Hybotidae Hybotinae Meigen, 1820: x. Type genus Hybos Meigen, 1803. Hybotidae Macquart, 1827: 136. This family has long been recognized and for many years has been formally used in publications, especially by European workers. Its monophyly is not in doubt, characterized by the presence of a palpifer, fore tibial gland, gonocoxal apodeme restricted to anterolateral margin of hypandrium (lacking process), apex of antenna often with long, slender seta­like receptor, laterotergite bare and R 4+5 unbranched. This family is divided into the following subfamilies and unplaced genera: Incertae sedis within Hybotidae Stuckenbergomyia Smith —This genus was originally assigned to the Ocydromiinae (Smith 1969), but its placement remains in doubt. There are four known species confined to southern Africa (Sinclair 2003b). Trichininae rev. stat. Trichinini Chvála, 1983: 112, 114. Type genus Trichina Meigen, 1830. The subfamily Trichininae is here tentatively redefined to include only two genera, Trichina Meigen and Trichinomyia Tuomikoski. These genera are grouped together mostly for convenience and it is hoped that future analyses will resolve their assignment within the Hybotidae. This subfamily is distinguished from the remaining Hybotidae mostly on the basis of symplesiomorphies: dichoptic females, antennal style about half as long or shorter than the postpedicel, cell dm emitting three veins, proboscis short and directed downwards, ventral apodeme (see discussion under character 99) and postgonites absent. Ocydromiinae Ocydrominae Schiner, 1862: lii, liii. Type genus Ocydromia Meigen, 1820. Ocydromiinae Melander, 1908: 222. This redefined lineage follows the definition of Sinclair & Cumming (2000), distinguished by the following characters: short cell cu p with truncate apex, arista subapical or much longer than postpedicel, proboscis short and directed downwards or recurved, 2–3 veins emitted from cell dm, male terminalia asymmetrical and rotated through 90°, phallus biarticulated, ventral apodeme and postgonites absent and epandrium with pair of articulated surstyli. The Ocydromiinae is here restricted to include the following genera: Abocciputa Plant, Apterodromia Oldroyd, Austropeza Plant, Chvalaea Papp & Földvári, Hoplopeza Bezzi, Leptodromia Sinclair & Cumming, Leptodromiella Tuomikoski, Leptopeza Macquart, Leptopezella Sinclair & Cumming, Neotrichina Sinclair & Cumming, Ocydromia Meigen, Oropezella Collin, Pseudoscelolabes Collin, Scelolabes Philippi, and Stylocydromia Saigusa (Tuomikoski 1966; Chvála 1983; Saigusa 1986; Plant 1989; Sinclair & Cumming 2000; Papp & Földvári 2001). Oedaleinae rev. stat. Oedaleini Chvála, 1983: 112, 162. Type genus Oedalea Meigen, 1820. In this lineage the female cercus is fused to tergite 10, female segment 8 is elongate, the apical antennal style is often greatly shortened (shorter than postpedicel), mouthparts directed obliquely forwards, cell cu p truncate apically and three veins emitted from cell dm (Tuomikoski 1966; Chvála 1983). The Oedaleinae include the following genera: Allanthalia Melander, Anthalia Zetterstedt, Euthyneura Macquart and Oedalea (Chvála 1983; Chvála & Kovalev 1989). Tachydromiinae Tachydromiae Meigen, 1822: vii. Type genus Tachydromia Meigen, 1803. This distinctive subfamily is generally characterized by the apomorphic loss of M 2 and cell dm (due to the loss of dm­cu crossvein), but the subfamily also lacks the wing pterostigma and pseudotracheae, as well as possessing secondary modifications of the hybotid male genitalic ground plan (i.e., phallus with simple apex and the ejaculatory apodeme not fused to phallus base). The subfamily is divided into three tribes, namely the new tribe Symballophthalmini, and the Tachydromiini and Drapetini (Chvála 1975; Cumming 1990; Cumming unpubl. data). Symballophthalmini n. tribe Type genus Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889. This new tribe includes the single genus Symballophthalmus Becker, formerly assigned to the Tachydromiini. It is a distinctive group (defined on the basis of apically broadened apomorphic wings) that retains numerous plesiomorphies (e.g., holoptic males), which exclude it from the other two tribes. Tachydromiini In its new restricted sense, the Tachydromiini is defined by the following apomorphies: presence of a precoxal bridge and a weakened A 1. The tribe includes the following genera: Ariasella Gil, Charadrodromia Melander, Dysaletria Loew, Pieltainia Arias, Platypalpus Macquart, Tachydromia Meigen, Tachyempis Melander, and Tachypeza Meigen (Chvála & Kovalev 1989; Cumming 1990). Drapetini Drapetini Collin, 1961: 26. Type genus Drapetis Meigen, 1822. This tribe is diagnosed by the following apomorphies: eyes with ommatrichia, loss of CuA 1 and loss of tergite 10 in females (correlated with sternite 10 positioned below the cerci) (Cumming & Cooper 1992; Solórzano Kraemer et al . 2005; Cumming unpubl. data). The Drapetini includes the following genera: Allodromia Smith, Atodrapetis Plant, Austrodrapetis Smith, Austrodromia Collin Chaetodromia Chillcott, Chersodromia Walker, Crossopalpus Bigot, Dusmetina Gil, Drapetis Meigen, Elaphropeza Macquart, Isodrapetis Collin, Megagrapha Melander, Micrempis Melander, Nanodromia Grootaert, Ngaheremyia Plant & Didham, Pontodromia Grootaert, Sinodrapetis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert, and Stilpon Loew (Chvála & Kovalev 1989; Cumming 1990; Cumming & Cooper 1992; Grootaert 1994; Plant 1997; Yang et al. 2004; Plant & Didham 2006). Hybotinae Hybotinae Meigen, 1820: x. Type genus Hybos Meigen, 1803. This subfamily has been expanded to include the Bicellaria group of genera as suggested by Sinclair & Cumming (2000). The Hybotinae are characterized by holoptic females (except Lamachella and Leptocrytoma ), proboscis often heavily sclerotized and projecting obliquely or horizontally forwards, wings generally with well developed anal lobe, cell dm emitting two veins and prosternum isolated and separated from proepisternum (Smith 1969; Chvála 1983; Sinclair 1996). This subfamily is divided into two tribes: Bicellariini n. tribe Type genus Bicellaria Macquart, 1823. The Bicellariini is a distinctive group, defined on the basis of their unique wing venation: cell dm absent and the branches of Mevanescent near mid wing (bases of veins abbreviated). This new tribe includes three genera formerly assigned to the Ocydromiinae: Bicellaria Macquart, Hoplocyrtoma Melander, Leptocyrtoma Saigusa. Hybotini This tribe is defined on a suite of characters including: cell dm emitting two veins, cell cu p often as long as or longer than cell bm, wing usually broad with developed anal lobe and hind femur often enlarged with long setae beneath. The genera of the Hybotini were divided into several groups by Sinclair (1996). The following genera are included in the Hybotinae: Acarterus Loew, Afrohybos Smith, Chillcottomyia Saigusa, Ceratohybos Bezzi, Euhybus Coquillett, Hybos Meigen, Lactistomyia Melander, Lamachella Melander, Neohybos Ale­Rocha & Carvalho, Parahybos Kertész, Smithybos Ale­Rocha, Stenoproctus Loew, Syndyas Loew, and Syneches Walker (Smith 1967, 1975, 1980; Saigusa 1986; Ale­Rocha 2000; Ale­Rocha & Carvalho 2003). : Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2006, The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera), pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 1180 (1) on pages 1-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1 : {"references": ["Meigen, J. W. (1820) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Zweiter Theil. Forstmann, Aachen, pp. 363.", "Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungseintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 2, 259 - 281.", "Macquart, J. (1827) Insectes dipteres du nord de la France. Platypezines, dolichopodes, empides, hybotides. Lille, 159 pp.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1969) The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 19, 1 - 342.", "Sinclair, B. J. (2003 b) Southern African Empidoidea (Diptera) - phylogenetic patterns and biogeographic implications. Cimbebasia, 29, 205 - 213.", "Chvala, M. (1983) The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 1 - 279.", "Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Sechster Theil. Schulz, Hamm. xi + 401 pp.", "Schiner, J. R. (1862) [Heft 8 (part)]. In Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen (Diptera). Theil 1. Carl Gerolds Sohn, Wien, pp. 657 - 674, i - lxxx, pl. 2.", "Melander, A. L. (1908) Family Empididae. In Williston, S. W. (Ed.), Manual of North American Diptera. 3 rd Edition. J. J. Hathaway, New Haven, pp. 218 - 227.", "Sinclair, B. J. & Cumming, J. M. (2000) Revision of the genus Apterodromia (Diptera: Empidoidea), with a redefinition of the tribe Ocydromiini. Records of the Australian Museum, 52, 161 - 186.", "Tuomikoski, R. (1966) The Ocydromiinae group of subfamilies (Diptera, Empididae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 32, 282 - 294.", "Saigusa, T. (1986) New genera of Empididae (Diptera) from eastern Asia. Sieboldia, 5 (1), 1 - 96.", "Plant, A. R. (1989) A revision of the Ocydromiinae (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae) of New Zealand with descriptions of new genera and species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 16, 231 - 241.", "Papp, L. & Foldvari, M. (2001) A new genus and three new species of Hybotidae with new records of the Hungarian Empidoidea (Diptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 47 (4), 349 - 361.", "Chvala, M. & Kovalev, V. G. (1989) Hybotidae. In Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 6, Therevidae - Empididae. Elsevier Science Publishing, pp. 174 - 227.", "Meigen, J. W. (1822) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Dritter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann, Hamm, pp. 416.", "Chvala, M. (1975) The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 3, 1 - 336.", "Cumming, J. M. (1990) Phylogenetic relationships within the Tachydromiinae (Diptera: Empidoidea). Second International Congress of Dipterology, Bratislava, Abstract Volume, p. 44.", "Becker, T. (1889) Berichtigung. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 8, 285.", "Collin, J. E. (1961) Empididae. In British Flies, Volume 6. University Press, Cambridge, 782 pp.", "Cumming, J. M. & Cooper, B. E. (1992) A revision of the Nearctic species of the tachydromiine fly genus Stilpon Loew (Diptera: Empidoidea). The Canadian Entomologist, 124, 951 - 998.", "Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., Sinclair, B. J. & Cumming, J. M. (2005) Five new species of Tachydromiinae (Diptera: Empididae s. l.) from New World ambers. Zootaxa, 1010, 37 - 52.", "Grootaert, P. (1994) Two new genera of empidoid flies (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) from Melanesia. Studia Dipterologica, 1 (2), 141 - 156.", "Plant, A. R. (1997) Atodrapetis, a new genus of empidid fly (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) from New Zealand. Studia Dipterologica, 4, 435 - 440.", "Yang, D. & Yang, C. (2004) Diptera Empididae: Hemerodromiinae, Hybotinae. Fauna Sinica, Insecta, 34, i - x, 1 - 335, pl. 1.", "Plant, A. R. & Didham, R. K. (2006). A new genus of Drapetini (Diptera: Hybotidae: Tachydromiinae) from New Zealand. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 142, 41 - 47.", "Sinclair, B. J. (1996) Revision of the southern Africa genus Acarterus Loew (Diptera: Empidoidea; Hybotinae), with description of seven new species. Annals of the Natal Museum, 37, 215 - 238.", "Macquart, J. (1823) Monographie des insectes dipteres de la famille des empides, observes dans le nord-ouest de la France. Recueil des Travaux de la Societe d'Amateurs des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts a Lille, 1822, 137 - 165.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, pp. 39.1 - 39.67.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1975) Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Ed.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, Volume 2. The University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 185 - 211.", "Smith, K. G. V. (1980) 32. Family Empididae. In Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 431 - 442.", "Ale-Rocha, R. (2000) Description of Smithybos equatoriensis, new genus and species of Hybotinae from Ecuador (Diptera, Empididae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologica, 22 (1 / 2), 39 - 42.", "Ale-Rocha, R. & Carvalho, C. J. B. de (2003) Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa, 387, 1 - 16."]}