Brachymelecta californica
Brachymelecta californica (Cresson, 1878) Figs 1, 2A–B, 4B, 5, 6A–B, 7–8, 12A, 17 Melecta californica Cresson, 1878: 91 (♀, ♂); Cresson, 1916: 114 (♂) (lectotype designation). Melecta ? mucida Cresson, 1879: 205 (♂), syn. nov. Melecta miranda Fox, 1893: 143 (&am...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Text |
| Language: | unknown |
| Published: |
Zenodo
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4967798 https://zenodo.org/record/4967798 |
| Summary: | Brachymelecta californica (Cresson, 1878) Figs 1, 2A–B, 4B, 5, 6A–B, 7–8, 12A, 17 Melecta californica Cresson, 1878: 91 (♀, ♂); Cresson, 1916: 114 (♂) (lectotype designation). Melecta ? mucida Cresson, 1879: 205 (♂), syn. nov. Melecta miranda Fox, 1893: 143 (♀). Pseudomelecta pasadenensis Cockerell, 1910: 27 (♀). Melecta sladeni Viereck, 1924: 15 (♀). Proposed common name California digger-cuckoo bee. Diagnosis The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell B. californica apart from all other Brachymelecta : the mesoscutum has a pair of anterior spots or (paramedian) bands of hairs darker than the surrounding off-white hairs (Fig. 5B); the mesoscutellum has a pair of short, mammiform tubercles (Fig. 5D); the fore wings are infuscate apically, with most cells as well as the membrane around the third submarginal crossvein (or second submarginal crossvein if the wing has only two submarginal cells) and second recurrent vein subhyaline (Fig. 5A–C); and T3 and T4 each have a medially interrupted fascia that is narrowed or interrupted (as opposed to continuously expanded) laterally, mesad the inner pair of anterolateral extensions (there are two such lobe-like extensions on each side) (Fig. 5A–C). Brachymelecta californica is most similar to B. interrupta , but in B. interrupta the fore wings are infuscate throughout except around the third submarginal crossvein and second recurrent vein, where they are subhyaline, and T3 and T4 each have a medially interrupted fascia that is broadened anterolaterally, that of T3 into the inner pair of anterolateral extensions. Additionally, in B. interrupta the lighter hairs covering the head, mesosoma, and metasoma range from pale yellow to yellow orange, whereas in B. californica they are off-white or very rarely pale yellow. Material examined Primary type material CANADA • ♀, M. sladeni holotype; British Columbia, Summerland; 9 Aug. 1916; F.W.L. Sladen leg.; CNC 652. USA • ♂, M. californica lectotype; California; “ H. Edwards, Behrens”; ANSP 2292 • ♀, P. pasadenensis holotype; Pasadena, Los Angeles County; 30 Apr. 1909; F. Grinnell Jr. leg.; CAS 15525 • ♂, M. ? mucida holotype; Nevada; H.K. Morrison leg.; ANSP 2294 • ♀, M. miranda holotype; South Dakota, Rapid City; J.T. Aldrich leg.; ANSP 10129. Secondary type material CANADA • 1 ♀, M. sladeni paratype; British Columbia, Westbank; 20 Jul. 1919; E.R. Buckell leg.; CNC 891698. USA • 6 ♂♂, M. californica paralectotypes; California; “ H. Edwards, Behrens”; ANSP 2292-3 to 2292- 8 • 1 ♀, M. miranda paratype; South Dakota, Custer; J.T. Aldrich leg.; ANSP 10129. DNA barcoded material Available. Two BINs: BOLD:AAC6481. Specimens examined and sequenced: CANADA • 1 ♀; British Columbia, White Lake (Okanagan Falls), Regional District of Okanagan- Similkameen; 49.3028° N, 119.6286° W; 17 Aug. 2008; L.R. Best leg.; BOLD sample ID: LRBBC1015; PCYU LRB-445. USA • 1 ♂; Arizona, Catalina Hwy (Santa Catalina Mountains), Pima County; 32.3636° N, 110.7128° W; 29 May 2015; T.M. Onuferko leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570 A09; PCYU • 1 ♀; Arizona, Catalina Hwy (Santa Catalina Mountains), Pima County; 32.3242° N, 110.7064° W; 10 May 2016; T.M. Onuferko leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570 B02; PCYU • 1 ♂; Arizona, Near Desert Botanical Garden (Phoenix), Maricopa County; 31 May 2018; T.M. Onuferko leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 34570 A11; PCYU • 1 ♂; Arizona, SE of Willcox, Cochise County; 32.2350° N, 109.7785° W; 30 Aug. 2016; L. Packer leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570 A05; PCYU • 1 ♀; Colorado, Cortez, Montezuma County; 37.3570° N, 108.5900° W; 27 Jul. 2012; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-06707 F05; PCYU PCYU-GS-07:870 • 1 ♀; New Mexico, NM 15 (16.7 mi N of Silver City), Gila National Forest; 32.9462° N, 108.1978° W; 5 Sep. 2015; R.R. Ferrari leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570 A03; PCYU • 1 ♀; Oregon, Hwy 140, Klamath County; 42.2132° N, 121.8306° W; 2 Jul. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; BOLD sample ID: 07-OR-1265; PCYU PYU-2308. BOLD:AAC6482. Specimens examined and sequenced: USA • 1 ♂; California, Isabella Walker Pass Road (10.4 mi E of Onyx), Kern County; 35.6658° N, 118.0386° W; 12 Sep. 2015; T.M. Onuferko and S. Tessier leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570 A01; PCYU • 1 ♀; California, Near Descanso Gardens (La Cañada Flintridge), Los Angeles County; 25 May 2018; T.M. Onuferko leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB-34570A07; PCYU • 1 ♀; Idaho, Hwy 20 (20 km E of Mountain Home), Elmore County; 43.2842° N, 115.4765° W; 27 May 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; BOLD sample ID: 07-ID-1195; PCYU PYU-1208 • 1 ♀; New Mexico, Cloudcroft, Otero County; 32.9574° N, 105.7447° W; 11 Aug. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; BOLD sample ID: 07-NM- 2108; PCYU PYU-3519 • 1 ♂; New Mexico, Hwy 152, Sierra County; 32.8949° N, 107.7399° W; 12 Aug. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; BOLD sample ID: 07-NM-2109; PCYU PYU-3530. Non-barcoded material CANADA • 1 ♀; Alberta, Bull Trail Park (Lethbridge); 49.6933° N, 112.8703° W; 9 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00156227 • 1 ♀; Alberta, Bull Trail Park (Lethbridge); 49.6964° N, 112.8714° W; 9 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00156145 • 6 ♀♀; Alberta, Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, Kneehill County; 51.9417° N, 112.9481° W; 20 Jul. 2016; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; Alberta, Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, Kneehill County; 51.9425° N, 112.9664° W; 20–21 Jul. 2016; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 2 ♂♂; Alberta, Gariepy (Edmonton); 53.4903° N, 113.6194° W; 3 Jun. 2018; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16 Jun. 2018; RAM • 1 ♀; Alberta, Helen Schuler Nature Reserve (Lethbridge); 49.7008° N, 112.8603° W; 13 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00156567 • 1 ♀; Alberta, Lethbridge; 11 Aug. 1944; O. Peck leg.; CNC 891702 • 1 ♀; Alberta, Milk River (Weir Bridge), Warner County; 49.1042° N, 111.7000° W; 24 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00157991 • 2 ♀♀; Alberta, Near Capilano Foot Bridge (Edmonton); 53.5642° N, 113.4192° W; 17 Jun. 2018; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♂; Alberta, Redcliff; 50.0539° N, 110.7758° W; 28 Jun. 2017; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 29 Jun. 2017; RAM • 1 ♂; Alberta, Scandia; 21 Jul. 1928; F.W. Barnes leg.; CNC 891692 • 1 ♀; Alberta, Terwillegar Park (Edmonton); 53.4775° N, 113.6189° W; 15 Jul. 2018; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 7 ♂♂; Alberta, Wild Horse; 10 Aug. 1927; H.E. Gray leg.; CNC 891691, 891693 to 891696, 891704, 899632 • 2 ♀♀; Alberta, Writing-on- Stone Provincial Park (Coffin Bridge), Warner County; 49.1033° N, 111.8903° W; 15 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00156796, PMAE00156797 • 1 ♀; Alberta, Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park (Davis Coulee), Warner County; 49.0708° N, 111.6281° W; 22 Jul. 2020; M. Buck leg.; RAM PMAE00157617 • 2 ♀♀; Manitoba, Treesbank, Municipality of Glenboro-South Cypress; 49.6350° N, 99.6040° W; 1 Jul. 2018; Manitoba Conservation Data Centre leg.; WRME JBWM0415546, JBWM0415590. MEXICO • 1 ♂; Baja California Sur, San Hilario; 5 Nov. 1968; E.L. Sleeper and F.J. Moore leg.; CAS • 1 ♂; Baja California Sur, Santa Victoria La Laguna; 20 or 23 Oct. 1968; E.L. Sleeper and F.J. Moore leg.; CAS • 2 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂; Baja California Sur, Sierra La Laguna; 1 Sep. 1977; R. Westcott leg.; CAS • 1 ♀; Distrito Federal, Xochimilco; 18 Aug. 1962; H.E. Milliron; CNC 394149 • 1 ♀; Sinaloa, Mazatlán; Feb. ??53; CAS • 1 ♂; Sonora, Gran Desierto de Altar; 20 Mar. 2018; H. Knight leg.; CSUC. USA • 1 ♂; Arizona, 4 mi E of Willcox, Cochise County; 27 Aug. 2007; G. Rowe leg.; PCYU • 1 ♀; Arizona, East Moonlight Road, Cochise County; 32.2388° N, 109.7651° W; 14 Aug. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-5972 • 1 ♀; Arizona, Rustler Park (Chiricahua Mountains), Cochise County; 31.9039° N, 109.2792° W; 11 Aug. 2007; M. Buck leg.; DEBU debu00291918 • 2 ♀♀; California, 13 mi W of Coalinga; 30 Jul. ??59; CNC 891731, 891732 • 1 ♀; California, 3 mi N of Coalinga; 29 Jul. 1954; F.M. Hull leg.; CNC 891744 • 5 ♀♀; California, 28 km NE of Foresthill (Tahoe National Forest), Placer County; 39.1856° N, 120.6058° W; 8 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; California, 30 km NE of Foresthill (Tahoe National Forest), Placer County; 39.1894° N, 120.5756° W; 8 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; California, Antioch; Oct. 1938; J.A. Downes leg.; CNC 846577 • 2 ♂♂; California, CA-20 1.7 km W of Jct CA-16, Colusa County; 39.0133° N, 122.3792° W; 9 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♂; California, Cache Creek Natural Area, Cowboy Camp; 38.9978° N, 122.3558° W; 9 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; California, Helendale, San Bernardino County; 16 May 1955; W.R. Richards leg.; CNC 891690 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 21 May 1955; W.R.M. Mason leg.; CNC 891736 • 1 ♀; California, Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mountains; 31 Aug. 1930; C.D. Michener leg.; CNC 891705 • 1 ♀; California, Mojave; 15 Oct. ??25; R. Hopping leg.; CNC 891703 • 3 ♀♀; California, Mojave Desert; 15 Oct. 1925; J.M. Swaine leg.; CNC 891697, 891700 to 891701 • 1 ♀; California, Peavine Ridge Road, El Dorado County; 38.7964° N, 120.4297° W; 14 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♂; California, Sierra Nevada; ANSP • 1 ♂; California, Split Mountain (Anza-Borrego Desert State Park), San Diego County; 1 Apr. 1955; J.E.H. Martin leg.; CNC 891713 • 1 ♂; California, UCR Botanic Gardens (Riverside), Riverside County; 26 Jun. 1984; S.L. Heydon leg.; INHS 387473 • 1 ♀; Idaho, Hwy 75 (5 km N of Ketchum), Blaine County; 43.7630° N, 114.4003° W; 25 Jun. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-1515 • 2 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂; Nevada; ANSP • 1 ♂; Nevada, Pyramid Lake (south shore), Washoe County; 39.8444° N, 119.4400° W; 13 Jun. 2009; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; New Mexico, Hwy 152, Sierra County; 32.8949° N, 107.7399° W; 12 Aug. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-2391 • 1 ♂; New Mexico, Hwy 152, Sierra County; 32.8949° N, 107.7399° W; 12 Aug. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-2392 • 1 ♀; Oregon, Fish Lake (near Steens Mountain), Harney County; 42.7419° N, 118.6461° W; 6 Aug. 2005; J. and A. Skevington leg.; CNC 891706 • 1 ♀; Oregon, Hwy 140, Klamath County; 42.2132° N, 121.8306° W; 2 Jul. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-2292 • 3 ♀♀; Oregon, Hwy 26, Crook County; 44.4721° N, 120.4197° W; 28 Jun. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-2111, PYU-2676, PYU-2682 • 1 ♀; Oregon, Hwy 97, Klamath County; 42.1224° N, 121.8273° W; 2 Jul. 2007; J. Gibbs and C.S. Sheffield leg.; PCYU PYU-2276 • 1 ♂; Texas, 23 mi W of Fort Davis; 1 Jun. 1959; F. McAlpine leg.; CNC 891707 • 1 ♀; Texas, Big Bend National Park, Boquillas; 17 May 1959; W.R.M. Mason leg.; CNC 891724 • 3 ♂♂; Texas, Big Bend National Park, Dagger Flats; 11 May 1959; W.R.M. Mason leg.; CNC 891721, 891722, 891727 • 1 ♀; Texas, Big Bend National Park, Nine Point Draw; 15 May 1959; W.R.M. Mason leg.; CNC 891725 • 1 ♂; Texas, Big Bend National Park, Panther Junction; 16 May 1959; J.F. McAlpine leg.; CNC 891723 • 1 ♀; Texas, Devils River, Del Rio; 26 Apr. 1959; J.F. McAlpine leg.; CNC 891715 • 1 ♀; Texas, Dickinson, Galveston County; Jun. 1929; F.M. Hull leg.; CNC 891734 • 1 ♀; Texas, Las Burras Canyon at FM-170, Presidio County; 29.3903° N, 104.1428° W; 28 Apr. 2019; M. Buck leg.; RAM • 1 ♂; Texas, near Point of Rocks (10 mi W of Fort Davis); 29 May 1959; F. McAlpine leg.; CNC 891720 • 1 ♂; Utah, 24 mi S of Hanksville; 18 Jul. 1968; J.E.H. Martin leg.; CNC 891733 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Jul. 1968; CNC 891728 to 891730 • 1 ♂; Utah, Fairview Ranch (13 mi S of Hanksville); 2–3 Aug. 1968; H.F. Howden leg.; CNC 891726. Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Length 9.9 mm; ITW 2.6 mm; head length 2.7 mm; head width 3.3 mm; fore wing length 9.2 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Dark brown to black except as follows. Mandible with apical third golden yellow. Mandible with middle third, legs, excluding black tibial spurs, and much of metasoma reddish brown. Tegula amber. Fore wing dusky apically, with most cells and around third submarginal crossvein and second recurrent vein subhyaline. Hind wing hyaline, slightly dusky beyond venation. PUBESCENCE. Face with hairs densest around antennal socket, predominantly off-white but dark brown/ gray in lower paraocular area. Clypeus bare in M. californica lectotype, with many hairs rubbed off, but with dense hairs in multiple paralectotypes and non-type specimens and M. ? mucida holotype. Upper paraocular and frontal areas and vertexal area (except along preoccipital ridge) mostly exposed. Head with dense, erect hairs along preoccipital ridge off-white except for pair of dark brown/gray patches, each behind lateral ocellus and in front of paramedian band. Genal beard hairs predominantly off-white. Mesoscutum sparsely hairy except densely hairy anteriorly and along margins, with hairs predominantly off-white except for dark brown/gray paramedian band. Axilla with conspicuous patch of black hairs. Mesoscutellum, metanotum, and propodeum with erect, predominantly off-white hairs. Mesopleuron with upper half covered in dense, off-white hairs greatly obscuring underlying integument, with large circular patch of sparser, dark brown/gray to black hairs not obscuring underlying integument occupying much of ventrolateral half, and with predominantly off-white hairs somewhat obscuring underlying integument ventrally around margin. Legs, from coxae to tarsi, with appressed and erect off-white hairs, ventrally with golden-yellow hairs. Profemur with posteroventral fringe of dense, off-white hairs. Protibia and metatibia each with two bands or spots of short, appressed off-white hairs, one in basal half and one on apical margin. Mesotibia with patch of very dense short, appressed off-white hairs, occupying nearly entire dorsal surface. T1–T5 with well-defined, medially interrupted apical fasciae, each with pair of lobe-like anterolateral extensions on each side with erect among appressed off-white hairs. T3–T5 each with fascia more widely removed from apical margin and laterally narrowed or interrupted, mesad the inner pair of anterolateral extensions. T6 almost completely retracted under T 5 in M. californica lectotype, but with paired patches of off-white tomentum in paralectotype and multiple non-type specimens. Exposed metasomal sterna mainly with short, appressed off-white hairs. S4 and S5 each with apical/subapical fringe of dense, long, curved, coppery to silvery hairs. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Labrum sparsely punctate (many i>2d). Clypeus with upper half densely punctate (most i≤1d), lower half more sparsely punctate (many i>1d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with coarser punctures than metasomal terga. Mesoscutum densely punctate (most i≤1d) except for small impunctate shiny spot between paramedian band and parapsidal line and in posterior half between midline and parapsidal line, where more sparsely punctate (many i>1d). Mesoscutellum with coarser punctures than mesoscutum, densely punctate (most i≤1d) except medially (between pair of mammiform tubercles), where somewhat sparsely punctate (i≤2d). Mesopleuron densely punctate (most i<1d) but with most interspaces well-defined, shining. Discs of metasomal terga with punctures very fine, sparse (most i>1d), interspaces dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture. STRUCTURE. Mandible tridentate, with small inner tooth approximately ⅓ length of mandible from base and equally small inner tooth approximately ⅓ length of mandible from apex as well as usual large apical tooth (rutellum) (difficult to see in M. californica lectotype because mandibles closed; described from paralectotypes, non-type specimens, and M. ? mucida holotype). Maxillary palpus with four palpomeres (mouthparts not extended in M. californica lectotype; described from paralectotypes and non-type specimens). Scape with greatest length 1.9 × greatest width. F2 wider than long (L/W ratio = 0.8). Mesoscutellum strongly bigibbous, with pair of short, apically flattened mammiform tubercles. Lateral surface of propodeum posterior to spiracle with rugose crescent ridge, strongly carinate above and joining anterior lip of spiracle. Fore wing with two or three submarginal cells (in M. californica lectotype, second submarginal crossvein of left fore wing incomplete, that of right fore wing complete). T7 distinctly notched medially between pair of small medioapical projections. Female Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: scape longer, with greatest length 2.3 × greatest width; mesotibia dorsally with off-white hairs forming small band or spot, nearer the base than apex; T6 with narrow, V-shaped but apically rounded pygidial plate with median longitudinal ridge and without patches of off-white tomentum; S4 and S5 apically/subapically without dense, long, curved, coppery to silvery hairs. Distribution Brachymelecta californica is the most widely distributed member of its genus, ranging from Western Canada to southern Mexico west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Fig. 4B). Although this species has been recorded from the Eastern United States (Mitchell 1962), it is much more common in the west, with few known records east of the Mississippi River. This is the only species of Brachymelecta known to occur in Canada. Ecology Host records Brachymelecta californica has been reared from the nests of multiple species of Anthophora , including A. abrupta Say, 1837, A. bomboides stanfordiana Cockerell, 1904 (a junior synonym of A. bomboides Kirby, 1838), A. edwardsii Cresson, 1878, A. linsleyi Timberlake, 1941, A. neomexicana (a junior synonym of A. bomboides ), A. occidentalis Cresson, 1869, and A. urbana Cresson, 1878 (Hicks 1926 : Published as part of Onuferko, Thomas M., Packer, Laurence & Genaro, Julio A., 2021, Brachymelecta Linsley, 1939, previously the rarest North American bee genus, was described from an aberrant specimen and is the senior synonym for Xeromelecta Linsley, 1939, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 754 on pages 13-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.754.1393, http://zenodo.org/record/4965956 : {"references": ["Cresson E. T. 1878. Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 7: 61 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076368", "Cresson E. T. 1916. The Cresson types of Hymenoptera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 1: 1 - 141.", "Cresson E. T. 1879. Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 7: 201 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076373", "Fox W. J. 1893. Synopsis of the North American species of Melecta. Entomological News 4: 143 - 144.", "Cockerell T. D. A. 1910. Descriptions and Records of Bees. - XXIV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5: 22 - 30. Available from https: // www. tandfonline. com / doi / abs / 10.1080 / 00222931008692722 [accessed 24 May 2021].", "Viereck H. L. 1924. Descriptions of two Canadian bees of the genus Melecta. The Canadian Entomologist 56: 15. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 5615 - 1", "Michener C. D. 1988. The parasitic anthophorid genus Xeromelecta in Cuba (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 377 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 81.3.377", "Michener C. D. 1948. Notes on the American bees of the genus Melecta (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 50: 15 - 18.", "Fabricius J. C. 1793. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. II. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae [= Copenhagen]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 122153", "Cresson E. T. 1872. Hymenoptera Texana. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 4: 153 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076272", "Cockerell T. D. A. 1900. Notes on New Mexico bees. The Canadian Entomologist 32: 361 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 32361 - 12", "Mitchell T. B. 1962. Bees of the eastern United States. Volume II. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 152: 1 - 557.", "Cockerell T. D. A. 1904. Descriptions and records of bees. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14: 21 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745480409442962", "Hicks C. H. 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County, Colorado. University of Colorado Studies 15: 217 - 252.", "Linsley E. G. & McSwain J. W. 1942. The parasites, predators, and inquiline associates of Anthophora linsleyi. The American Midland Naturalist 27: 402 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421008", "Linsley E. G. 1943. The genus Melecta in eastern North America and Porto Rico (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 51: 225 - 227.", "Torchio P. F. & Trostle G. E. 1986. Biological notes on Anthophora urbana urbana and its parasite, Xeromelecta californica (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), including descriptions of late embryogenesis and hatching. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79: 434 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 79.3.434", "Rozen J. G. Jr. 1991. Evolution of cleptoparasitism in anthophorid bees as revealed by their mode of parasitism and first instars (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3029: 1 - 36.", "Orr M. C., Griswold T., Pitts J. P. & Parker F. D. 2016. A new bee species that excavates sandstone nests. Current Biology 26: R 792 - R 793. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.08.001", "Linsley E. G. 1939. A revision of the Nearctic Melectinae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 32: 429 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 32.2.429", "Hurd P. D. Jr. 1953. Notes on the melectine bees of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 26 (1): 35 - 37.", "Hurd P. D. Jr., LaBerge W. E. & Linsley E. G. 1980. Principal sunflower bees of North America with emphasis on the Southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 310: 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.310", "Ascher J. S. & Pickering J. 2020. Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available from http: // www. discoverlife. org / mp / 20 q? guide = Apoidea _ species [accessed 24 May 2021].", "Hurd P. D. Jr. & Linsley E. G. 1951. The melectine bees of California (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 1: 119 - 140.", "Ratnasingham S. & Hebert P. D. N. 2013. A DNA-based registry for all animal species: the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system. PloS One 8 (7): e 66213. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066213", "Ferrari R. R. 2017. Taxonomic revision of the species of Colletes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Colletinae) found in Chile. Zootaxa 4364: 1 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4364.1.1"]} |
|---|