Wellstenhelia calliope Karanovic & Kim 2014, sp. nov.

• Main Authors: Karanovic, Tomislav, Kim, Kichoon
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2014
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Maxillopoda; Harpacticoida; Miraciidae; Wellstenhelia; Wellstenhelia calliope; White Sea; Seta
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910567; https://zenodo.org/record/4910567

Wellstenhelia calliope sp. nov. (Figs. 2–11) Type locality. South Korea, South Sea, Gwangyang Bay, sampling station 5, muddy sediments, 34.852500°N 127.684722°E (Fig. 1). Specimens examined. Female holotype dissected on one slide (collection number NIBRIV0000232672), holotype’s right antennula destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful, Code 0122), male allotype dissected on one slide (collection number NIBRIV0000232673), two males paratypes and one female paratype together on one SEM stub (collection number NIBRIV0000232674), two male paratypes and one copepodid paratype together in ethanol (collection number NIBRIV0000232675); one male destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification unsuccessful), type locality, 30 July 2012, leg. K. Kim. Etymology. The species is named after Calliope (Ancient Greek: Καλλιόπη), one of nine Muses from Greek mythology, who was a patron of epic poetry and song. The species name is a noun in apposition (in the nominative case), despite the Recommendation 31A of the ICZN (1999) about avoidance of personal names as nouns in appositions, because there is no case for it being confusing or misleading. Nine Muses refer to the nine new species described in this paper. Description. Female (based on holotype and one paratype). Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to distal margin of caudal rami 742 and 755 µm respectively. Colour of preserved specimens yellowish; live specimens not observed. Nauplius eye not visible. Prosome comprising cephalothorax with completely fused first pedigerous somite, and three free pedigerous somites; urosome comprising first urosomite (= fifth pedigerous somite), genital double-somite (fused genital and third urosomites) and three free urosomites (last one being anal somite). Short sclerotized joint between prosome and urosome only discernible on ventral side. Habitus (Figs. 2A, B, 10A) robust, spindle shaped in dorsal view, widest at posterior end of cephalothorax and tapering posteriorly, boundary between prosome and urosome conspicuous; prosome/urosome length ratio 1.05, but prosome much wider and more voluminous. Body length/width ratio about 3; cephalothorax 1.7 times as wide as genital doublesomite. Free pedigerous somites without lateral or dorsal expansions, pleurons only partly covering coxae of swimming legs in lateral view. Integument of all somites relatively weakly sclerotized, generally very smooth, without cuticular windows but covered with a sparse pattern of extremely minute and deep pits, only visible at highest magnifications on scanning electron microscope (such as in Fig. 11B). Hyaline fringe of all somites broad and smooth, except for fourth pedigerous somite with narrow fringe dorsally, and for anal somite without hyaline fringe. Surface ornamentation of somites and caudal rami consisting of 78 paired and five unpaired pores and sensilla (numbered with Arabic numerals consecutively from anterior to posterior end of body, and from dorsal to ventral side in Figs. 2, 3, 4), and several rows of spinules on urosomites only. Rostrum (Figs. 2C, 10E) large, trapezoidal, clearly demarcated at base, reaching midlength of second antennular segment, with bilobate tip, about 1.1 times as long as wide; with two dorsal sensilla near tip (no. 1) and single central dorsal pore at base (no. 2); base of rostrum about 3.4 times as wide as its anterior margin; sensilla inserted into deep recesses. Cephalothorax (Figs. 2A, B, 3A, 10A) tapering anteriorly in dorsal view, about 0.9 times as long as wide; comprising 30% of total body length. Surface of cephalothoracic shield with two unpaired dorsal pores (nos. 14, 27), two unpaired dorsal sensilla (nos. 34, 40), 10 pairs of pores (nos. 6, 9, 10, 16, 19, 21, 28, 29, 33, 37), and 28 pairs of long sensilla (nos. 3–5, 7, 8, 11–13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22–26, 30–32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42); sensilla and pores 32–42 belonging to first pedigerous somite incorporated into cephalothorax. Pleuron of second pedigerous somite (first free) (Figs. 2A, B, 3C, 10B) with one pair of anterior dorsal pores (no. 43) and seven pairs of long sensilla (nos. 44–50); lateral pairs of sensilla nos. 44, 50, and 49 serially homologous to pairs nos. 32, 39, and 42 on first pedigerous somite respectively; other homologies difficult to define. Third pedigerous somite (Figs. 2A, B, 3B, 10B) slightly smaller than second pedigerous somite, pleuron with one pair of anterior dorsal pores (no. 51) but with only five pairs of sensilla (nos. 52–56); anterior pores more widely spaced than on second pedigerous somite; recognising serially homologous pairs easier with lateral (52=44, 56=50, 55=48) than with dorsal sensilla (possibly 53=45 and 54=46). Fourth pedigerous somite (Figs. 2A, B, D, 10B, C) much smaller and shorter than previous two somites, especially in dorsal view, pleuron with antero-lateral pair of pores (no. 57) and five pairs of sensilla (nos. 58–62); pores not serially homologous to previous two somites, but all sensilla share homologues on third pedigerous somite (58=53, 59=54, 60=55, 61=56, and 62=52). First urosomite (Figs. 2A, B, 10C) about as long as fourth pedigerous somite, with one pair of dorsal anterior pores (no. 63), one pair of lateral pores (no. 67), and three pairs of sensilla along distal margin (nos. 64–66); hyaline fringe much wider than in fourth pedigerous somite. Genital double-somite (Figs. 2A, B, 4A, 10C) 1.4 times as wide as long (ventral view); completely fused ventrally but with deep suture indicating original segmentation between genital and third urosomites dorsolaterally, thus dividing double-somite into equally long halves; anterior half of genital double-somite 1.2 times as wide as posterior, inflated laterally; anterior part with one pair of dorso-lateral pores (no. 68), two pairs of long dorsal sensilla (nos. 69 & 70), and two short rows of 6–8 strong spinules above sensilla no. 70; serially homologous pores and sensilla of anterior part of double-somite and those of first urosomite relatively easily established (i.e. 68=63, 69=64, and 70=65); posterior part with three pairs of posterior sensilla (nos. 71–73) and long row of strong spinules, interrupted dorsally between sensilla pair no. 71 and slightly ventro-laterally halfway between sensilla nos. 72 & 73; establishing serially homologous sensilla of posterior and anterior part of double-somite not easy (probably only 71=70); hyaline fringe wider than in first urosomite. Female genital complex (Fig. 4A) weakly sclerotized and hardly distinguishable from internal sutures and soft tissue, copulatory pores not exposed on surface; paired genital apertures situated ventro-laterally, close to anterior margin and covered by reduced sixth legs. Third urosomite (Figs. 2A, B, 4A) with one pair of anterior ventro-lateral pores (no. 74), three pairs of posterior sensilla (nos. 75–77), and posterior row of spinules interrupted dorsally between dorsal pair of sensilla (no. 75) and laterally on both sides of lateral sensilla (no. 76); lateral interruption of posterior row of spinules wider than in genital double-somite; all sensilla with homologous pairs on genital double-somite (i.e. 75=71, 76=72, 77=73) but ventral pair (no. 77) much more widely spaced; hyaline fringe as wide as in genital double-somite. Fourth urosomite (preanal) (Figs. 2A, B, 4A) without ornamentation; hyaline fringe narrower than in third urosomite. Anal somite (Figs. 2A, B, 4A, 10D) clefted medially in posterior half, with one pair of large dorsal sensilla (no. 78), two pairs of lateral pores (nos. 79 & 80), one pair of ventral pores (no. 81), posterior row of spinules at base of each caudal ramus, and two curved ventral rows of spinules between median cleft and ventral pores; anal operculum short, reduced to narrow and thin membrane dorsally at end of medial cleft, concave and situated anterior to dorsal sensilla, representing less than 10% of somite's width, unornamented; anal sinus with several diagonal rows of hair-like spinules on both sides of median cleft, widely open, with weakly sclerotised walls, and without chitinous projections. Caudal rami (Figs. 2A, B, E, F, 4A, 10D) long and slender, about twice as long as anal somite, widest at base, about 3.5 times as long as wide (ventral view), slightly divergent and nearly cylindrical, with space between them about one ramus width; armature consisting of seven setae (three lateral, one dorsal and three apical), all in posterior sixth of ramus length; ornamentation consisting of anterior ventro-median pore (no. 82), posterior ventral pore (no. 83), two or three short spinules at base of each lateral seta, three short spinules at base of innermost apical seta, and two parallel rows of long inner spinules. Dorsal seta smooth and slender, inserted close to inner margin, about half as long as caudal ramus, triarticulate at base (i.e. inserted on two pseudojoints). Lateral setae all smooth; ventralmost one longest and most slender, inserted very close to distal margin, about as long as dorsal seta; dorsalmost one strongest, about 0.7 times as long as ventralmost one, inserted more anteriorly than ventralmost one but more posterior than dorsal seta; central one half as long as dorsalmost one, also strong, inserted at about same level as dorsal seta. Inner apical seta smooth and very slender, 0.6 times as long as dorsal seta. Principal apical setae fused basally, both with breaking planes and unipinnate distally along outer margin; middle apical seta much stronger and longer, about 1.7 times as long as outer apical one and 3.5 times as long as caudal rami. Antennula (Fig. 4B) eight-segmented, joined to cephalotholax with small triangular pseudosegment laterally, approximately 0.8 times as long as cephalothorax, with single short posterior row of spinules and single cuticular pore on first segment. Distal posterior corner of first segment produced into sharp process. Long aesthetasc on fourth segment slender, fused basally with adjacent large seta, and reaching tip of appendage; slender apical aesthetasc on eighth segment fused basally with two apical setae, forming apical acrothek. Setal formula: 1.11.8.6+ae.2.4.4.6+ae. Seta on first segment unipinnate, all others smooth. Dorsal setae on first and second segments with breaking planes. Length ratio of antennular segments, measured along caudal margin, 1: 0.8: 1: 0.7: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 1. Antenna (Fig. 4C) relatively short, composed of coxa, allobasis, one-segmented endopod and three-segmented exopod. Coxa short, with arched row of long posterior spinules. Allobasis longest and most robust segment of antenna, more than four times as long as coxa and about 1.1 times as long as endopod, widest at base and about three times as long as wide, with single unipinnate inner seta at about midlength and seven very long spinules along inner (convex) margin in proximal half. Endopod about as wide as distal part of allobasis, almost cylindrical, about five times as long as wide, with two surface frills subdistally, two lateral spines flanking two thin setae; apical armature consisting of seven setae, three strong, long, and geniculate, innermost one strong but short, and three short and slender; two slender apical setae fused basally; two lateral and two apical slender setae smooth; other armature pinnate; with row of long inner spinules. Exopod long and slender, almost cylindrical, about as long as allobasis but only half as wide; armature formula 1.1.4 and length ratio of segments 1: 0.15: 0.6; proximal segment with longitudinal row of strong inner spinules and transverse distal row of small anterior spinules, bearing a unipinnate seta at distomedial corner; second segment with a unipinnate setae at distomedial corner; distal segment with two arched transverse rows of small spinules anteriorly (one at midlength, the other close to distal margin), with one smooth inner seta, at about first third of its length, and three apical slender and smooth setae, which all fused basally. Labrum large and complex tri-dimensional structure, trapezoidal in anterior view, rigidly sclerotized, with relatively wide and somewhat convex cutting edge, subapically with row of strong spinules and many rows of slender spinules apically and along posterior surface. Paragnaths also forming complex tri-dimensional structure, trilobate, with two ellipsoid anterior lobes and one central posterior lobe, all fused at base, all lobes with numerous rows of slender anterior and apical spinules; posterior surface smooth. Mandibula (Fig. 5A, B) with wide cutting edge on relatively short coxa, with two strong bicuspidate teeth ventrally, distally with long and slender central seta, eight bicuspidate teeth dorsally, and single dorsal unipinnate seta fused basally to tooth; teeth progressively decrease in size from ventral to dorsal side; dorsal seta only slightly longer but much stronger than central seta, and about twice as long as longest tooth; no ornamentation on coxa. Palp biramous, comprising basis, one-segmented exopod, and one-segmented endopod. Basis with somewhat inflated central part, about twice as long as wide, with three slender and smooth distal outer setae, with two arched rows of spinules in distal half. Exopod 0.75 times as long as basis and half as wide, narrowest medially, curved back towards coxa and parallel with basis, with three lateral and six apical smooth setae; all lateral and two apical setae slender, four apical setae strong and geniculate, one of them (Fig. 5A) more than five times as long as exopod. Endopod only half as long as exopod, 2.7 times as long as wide, with one inner, three apical, and two outer slender and subapical setae; proximal outer seta bipinnate, other smooth. Maxillula (Fig. 5C) composed of praecoxa, coxa, basis, one-segmented endopod, and one-segmented exopod; endopod and exopod fused basally. Praecoxa large; arthrite rectangular, with three posterior spinules near dorsal margin and one spinule at base of ventralmost apical spine, apically and subapically with eight strong curved spines, each with a dense tuft of distal spinules along convex margin. Coxa with anterior arched row of long spinules, endite shorter than praecoxal arthrite, apically (on inner margin) with one curved and stout, bipinnate seta, and two smooth and slender setae. Basis smaller than coxa with two endites reaching further medially than coxal endite, almost in line with praecoxal arthrite, with five spinules and three setae on dorsal endite, and four setae on ventral endite; only two setae on dorsal endite bipinnate, others smooth. Endopod minute, rectangular, with four slender and smooth apical setae. Exopod smaller than endopod, with two slender and smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 5D) composed of large syncoxa, small basis and even smaller one-segmented endopod. Syncoxa with four rows of outer long spinules and with three endites; dorsal endite smallest, bilobate, with four setae, three of which strong and pinnate; central endite slender, with two pinnate setae, dorsal seta strong, with one spinule almost as strong as seta, giving it bifurcate appearance; ventral endite longest and strongest, with three strong, pinnate setae. Basis slightly larger than ventral endite of syncoxa, apically with two strong and geniculate, unipinnate spines, and two slender setae on ventral and posterior surfaces. Endopod only about 0.35 times as long as basis, 1.2 times as long as wide, with five slender and smooth apical setae, all equal in length. Maxilliped (Fig. 5E) not prehensile, four-segmented, composed of coxa, basis, and two-segmented endopod. Coxa short, almost triangular, unarmed and unornamented. Basis largest and longest segment, about 2.3 times as long as wide and 2.5 times as long as coxa, with longitudinal row of slender inner spinules and row of shorter anterior spinules at base of three inner distal spiniform setae; all setae close to each other, strong and of similar length, two unipinnate with large pinnules, one bipinnate with smaller pinnules. First endopodal segment 0.6 times as long as basis but slightly wider, almost ovoid in shape, with two parallel longitudinal rows of large inner spinules, one of them continuing as transverse distal row on posterior surface, and another row of five long outer spinules; with two slender distomedial plumose setae, shorter anterior seta reaching beyond second endopodal segment, longer seta situated posteriorly. Second endopodal segment minute, nearly rectangular, apically with two subequal smooth and slender setae. All swimming legs (Fig. 6) of similar size and long in comparison to body length, composed of small triangular and unarmed praecoxa, large rectangular and unarmed coxa, shorter and nearly pentagonal basis, slender three-segmented exopod, slender two- or three-segmented endopod; pair of legs joined by simple intercoxal sclerite. First swimming leg (Fig. 6A) with smooth and short intercoxal sclerite, its distal margin nearly straight. Praecoxa somewhat triangular, longer than intercoxal sclerite but shorter than coxa, unornamented. Coxa 1.5 times as wide as long, with longitudinal row of long inner spinules, four shorter transverse rows of smaller anterior spinules proximally, distal row of slender spinules and outer row of small spinules at base of basis. Basis with one short but strong and finely bipinnate outer spine and one longer and stronger inner spine; the latter 1.6 times as long as the former, with strong pinnules on both sides, and one long distomedial pinnule; ornamentation of basis consists of three strong inner spinules, an anterodistal row of slender spinules at base of endopod, and several strong spinules at base of both spines. Exopod with all segments of about same length, each about 2.5 times as long as wide and with outer spinules and subdistally on anterior surface; first segment with four inner slender spinules; first two segments with single strong and finely bipinnate distolateral spine; second segment with slender distomedial seta; third segment with two strong and pinnate outer spines and two setae apically; apical setae not prehensile, with short outer pinnules and long and sparse inner pinnules; length ratio of elements on third segment from outer to inner margin 1: 1.5: 2.1: 3.1. Endopod two-segmented, not prehensile, only slightly shorter than exopod; first endopodal segment 1.2 times as long as first exopodal segment and 2.3 times as long as wide, with strong inner and anterodistal spinules, with single bipinnate inner seta, the latter slender and about 0.6 times as long as segment; second segment slender, about 5.6 times as long as wide and 1.2 times as long as first segment, with continuous longitudinal row of strong outer spinules, with two slender inner seta, one strong and long apical spine, and another shorter spine distolaterally; apical spine about as long as inner distal seta, 1.9 times as long as outer distal spine, and 1.5 times as long as second segment but only about 0.7 times as long as longest exopodal seta. Second swimming leg (Fig. 6B), intercoxal sclerite with transverse distal row of small anterior spinules, distal margin deeply concave. Praecoxa short, unornamented. Coxa nearly 1.7 times as wide as long, anteriorly with pore and short row of long spinules near distomedial corner and two longer rows of spinules close to outer margin, proximal spinules smaller than distal ones. Basis with smooth, short and slender outer spine; inner distal corner produced into long and sharp process; anteriorly with distal row of small spin : Published as part of Karanovic, Tomislav & Kim, Kichoon, 2014, New insights into polyphyly of the harpacticoid genus Delavalia (Crustacea, Copepoda) through morphological and molecular study of an unprecedented diversity of sympatric species in a small South Korean bay, pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 3783 (1) on pages 7-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3783.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4910562 : {"references": ["Soyer, J. (1971) Contribution a l'etude des Copepodes Harpacticoides de Mediterranee occidentale, 5. Stenhelia (Delavalia) coineauae n. sp. Stenhelia (D.) bocqueti n. sp. et Typhlamphiascus bouligandi n. sp. (Diosaccidae, Sars). Vie et Milieu, 22, 263 - 280.", "Lang, K. (1948) Monographie der Harpacticiden, 1 - 2. Nordiska Bokhandeln, Lund, 1682 pp.", "Ma, L. & Li, X. - Z. (2011) Delavalia qingdaoensis sp. nov. (Harpacticoida, Miraciidae), a new copepod species from Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea. Crustaceana, 84, 1085 - 1097. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121611 x 584334", "Kornev, P. N. & Chertoprud, E. C. (2008) Copepod Crustaceans of the Order Harpacticoida of the White Sea: Morphology, Systematics, Ecology. Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Tovarishchestvo Nauchnikh Izdanii KMK, Moscow, 379 pp. [in Russian]"]}