Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758

• Main Authors: Moehlman, Patricia D., Hayssen, Virginia
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2018
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Chordata; Mammalia; Carnivora; Canidae; Canis; Canis aureus; Indian; Fuller; Morrison; Ferguson; Stripe; Bombay; Sinclair; Hodgson; Osborn; Lubbock; Margarita; Tera; Gora; Seitz; Brus; Markova; Pitman; Canis lupus; gray wolf
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4591936; https://zenodo.org/record/4591936

Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758:40. Type locality “oriente;” restricted to “Benná Mts., Laristan, S. Persia ” by Thomas (1911:135). Lupus aureus Linnaeus, 1758:40. No type locality. From a pre- 1758 name. Vulpes indiae orientalis Linnaeus, 1758:41. No type locality. From a pre-1758 name. [ Canis ] anthus F. Cuvier, 1820:plate. Type locality “ Senegal.” Canis variegatus Cretzschmar, 1826:31, plate 10. Type locality “Nubien. Oberes Egypten;” preoccupied. Canis syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830:sig z, plate 16. Type locality “e monte Lebano.” Canis lupaster Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833:sig ff. Type locality “Fayum, Egypt ” (not seen cited in Allen 1939:194). Canis sacer Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833:sig ff. Type locality “Fayum, Egypt ” (not seen cited in Allen 1939:194). Canis riparius Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833:sig ff. Type local- ity “Coast of Abyssinia, near Arkiko” (not seen cited in Allen 1939:195). Canis aureus indicus Hodgson, 1833:237. Type locality “Himalaya.” Canis aureus var. moreotica I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835:plate 1. Type locality “de Morée.” Thous anthus : Hamilton Smith, 1839:195. Name combination. Thous variegatus : Hamilton Smith, 1839:198. Name combination. Thous sengalensi Hamilton Smith, 1839:201, plate 13. Type locality “ Gambia and Senegal.” Sacalius aureus : Hamilton Smith, 1839:214. Name combination. Sacalius barbarus Hamilton Smith, 1839:218. Type locality “ Tunis;” preoccupied by Canis barbarus Shaw, 1800:311 synonym for Vulpes vulpes. Sacalius indicus : Hamilton Smith, 1839:219. Name combination. C [ anis ]. dalmatinus Wagner, 1841:383. No type locality; Dalmatia implied. Canis graecus Wagner, 1841:383. Type locality “Europaei.” Renaming of C. aureus moreotica I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835. C [ anis ]. aureus vulgaris Wagner, 1841:383. No type locality. Canis aureus algirensis Wagner, 1841:384. Type locality “d’Alger” from ‘chacal d’Alger’ I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835:22. C [ anis ]. aureus tripolitanus Wagner, 1841:384. No type locality; Tripoli, Tunis implied. Canis aureus typicus Kolenati, 1858:96. No type locality; Persia, Georgia, Turkey implied. Canis aureus typicus var caucasica Kolenati, 1858:96. No type locality; Caucasus implied. Canis aureus var syriaco Kolenati, 1858:96. Unauthorized emendation of syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830. Canis aureus var indica Kolenati, 1858:96. Unauthorized emendation of indicus Hodgson, 1833. Canis aureus var nubica Kolenati, 1858:96. Renaming of Canis variegatus Cretzschmar, 1826 but Kolenati attributes the name to Rüppell without giving a date. Canis aureus var algira Kolenati, 1858:96. Unauthorized emendation of algirensis Wagner, 1841. Canis aureus var senegalensis : Kolenati, 1858:96. Name combination. Canis aureus var barbarus : Kolenati, 1858:96. Name combination. Canis aureus balcanicus Brusina, 1892:317. Type locality “Nardu — nadomak Valpova — na obali Drave, Slavonija.” Canis hadramaticus Noack, 1896:356. Type locality “Hadramaut in Arabien.” A jackal-wolf composite. The jackal was chosen as the lectotype (Morrison-Scott 1939) Canis mengesi Noack, 1897:518. Type locality “Ostafrikanische.” Canis lupus minor Mojsisovico, 1897:202, 241, 244. Preoccupied by Canis spelaeus minor Wagner, 1829 according to Kretzoi, 1947. Canis cruesemanni Matschie, 1900:145. Type locality “ Siam.” Canis anthus soudanicus Thomas, 1903:295. Type locality “El Obeid,” Kordofan, Sudan. Canis somalicus Lorenz, 1906:306. Type locality “Ireso bei Agada.” Canis gallaënsis Lorenz, 1906:307. Type locality “Ginea (Arussi).” Canis doederleini Hilzheimer, 1906a:116. Type locality “Oberägypten.” Canis thooides Hilzheimer, 1906b:364. Type locality “Sennaar.” Canis lupaster grayi Hilzheimer, 1906b:367. Type locality “Nordafrika.” Canis studeri Hilzheimer, 1906b:368. Type locality “ Tunis.” C [ anis ]. mengesi lamperti Hilzheimer, 1906b:371. No type locality. Thos aureus bea Heller, 1914:5. Type locality “Loita Plains, British East Africa,” Kenya. Canis indicus kola Wroughton, 1916:651. Type locality “Palanpur,” India. Canis naria Wroughton, 1916:651. Type locality “Coorg,” west coast of India. Canis lanka Wroughton, 1916:652. Type locality “Mankeni,” Sri Lanka. Thos lupaster maroccanus Cabrera, 1921:263. Type locality “ Mogador (Marruecos).” Th [ os ]. l [ upaster ]. Algirensis : Cabrera, 1921:263. Name combination. Th [ os ]. a [ ureus ]. Riparius : Cabrera, 1921:264. Name combination. Th [ os ]. aureus nubianus Cabrera, 1921:264. Renaming of variegatus Cretzschmar, 1826. Canis aureus hungaricus Éhik, 1938:11. Type locality “Tyukod (Marshy-land Ecsed), Comitat Szatmár, Hungary;” Preoccupied according to Kretzoi, 1947. Canis aureus minor : Éhik, 1938:13. Name combination; preoccupied. Thos aureus algirensis : Allen, 1939:194. Name combination. Thos aureus anthus : Allen, 1939:194. Name combination. Thos aureus lupaster : Allen, 1939:194. Name combination. Thos aureus maroccanus : Allen, 1939:195. Name combination. Thos aureus soudanicus : Allen, 1939:195. Name combination. Thos gallaensis : Allen, 1939:195. Name combination. Thos lamperti : Allen, 1939:195. Name combination. [ Canis aureus ] moreoticus Kretzoi, 1947:287. Unjustified emendation of moreotica I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835. Thos aureus ecsedensis Kretzoi, 1947:287. Renaming of C. a. hungaricus Éhik, 1938. Canis lupaster doederleini : Saleh and Basuony, 2014:49. Name combination. Canis aureus qattarensis Saleh and Basuony, 2014:49. Type locality “northern region of the Egyptian Western Desert.” CONTENT AND CONTEXT. Order Carnivora, family Canidae, subfamily Caninae, genus Canis . As many as 13 subspecies of C . aureus are distinguished through Europe and Africa (Allen 1939; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951; Coetzee 1977). However, these subspecies may be part of a 3-species complex (see “Nomenclatural Notes”). Unfortunately, much of the literature does not specify geographic location or subspecies. Here, C . aureus is used for the global range from Africa into Eurasia (Wozencraft 2005). Therefore, we list the historical 13 subspecies of C. aureus (Heller 1914; Allen 1939; Ellerman and Morrison- Scott 1951; Coetzee 1977; Wozencraft 2005). The newly named subspecies, qattarensis Saleh and Basuony, 2014, is tentatively treated as a synonym of syriacus . Subspecies designations for the orientalis Linnaeus, 1758 and studeri Hilzheimer, 1906b are not known. C. a. algirensis Wagner, 1841. See above; synonyms are algira Kolenati, 1858; barbarus (Hamilton Smith, 1839); grayi Hilzheimer, 1906b; tripolitanus Wagner, 1841. C. a. anthus F. Cuvier, 1820. See above; synonym is senegalensis (Hamilton Smith, 1839). C. a. aureus Linnaeus, 1758. See above; synonyms are balcanicus Brusina, 1892; caucasica Kolenati, 1858; hadramauticus Noack, 1896; maroccanus (Cabrera, 1921); orientalis (Linnaeus, 1758); typicus Kolenati, 1858; vulgaris Wagner, 1841. C. a. bea (Heller, 1914). See above. C. a. cruesemanni Matschie, 1900. See above. C. a. ecsedensis (Kretzoi, 1947). See above; synonyms are hungaricus Ehik, 1938; minor Mojsisovico, 1897 (preoccupied). C. a. indicus Hodgson, 1833. See above; synonyms are indica Kolenati, 1858; kola Wroughton, 1916. C. a. lupaster Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833. See above; synonym is sacer Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833. C. a. moreotica I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835. See above; synonyms are dalmatinus Wagner, 1841; graecus Wagner, 1841. C. a. naria Wroughton, 1916. See above; synonym is lanka Wroughton, 1916. C. a. riparius Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833. See above; synonyms are gallaënsis Lorenz, 1906; hagenbecki Noack, 1897; lamperti Hilzheimer, 1906b; mengesi Noack, 1897; somalicus Lorenz, 1906. C. a. soudanicus Thomas, 1903. See above, synonyms are doederleini Hilzheimer, 1906a; nubianus (Cabrera, 1921); nubica Kolenati, 1858; thooides Hilzheimer, 1906b; variegatus Cretzschmar, 1826 (preoccupied). C. a. syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830. See above, synonym are qattarensis Saleh and Basuony, 2014; syriaco Kolenati, 1858. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The above-named list may represent 3 taxa of canids: Canis anthus (African wolf), C. aureus , and C. lupus (gray wolf). Genetic analyses of C . aureus and C. lupus suggest that C . aureus from Africa and Eurasia are distinct clades and should be considered to be separate species, that is C. anthus (Africa) and C. aureus (Eurasia—Koepfli et al. 2015). As noted above, the literature does not distinguish these species and we include both as C. aureus . In addition, large C . aureus in Egypt ( lupaster ) may be a cryptic subspecies of C . anthus (Rueness et al. 2011; Gaubert et al. 2012). Canis aureus lupaster (Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833) is classified as a golden jackal; however Ferguson (1981) suggested that the taxon C. aureus lupaster , which is present in arid areas of Egypt and Libya (Osborn and Helmy 1980), may actually represent a small C. lupus rather than a large jackal. Mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that C. a. lupaster represents an ancient wolf lineage that may have colonized Africa prior to the northern hemisphere radiation (Rueness et al. 2011). Mitochondrial DNA analyses assigned individuals from Algeria, Mali, and Senegal to C . lupus lupaster (Gaubert et al. 2012) and identified C. lupus lupaster mtDNA haplotypes in C. aureus from Senegal questioning the genetic differentiation between the proposed C . anthus and C . aureus . We retain C. aureus lupaster as a form of the golden jackal not as a subspecies of C. lupus following Wozencraft (2005— Qumsiyeh 1996; Ferguson 2002). The specific name is Latin for golden. Common names include Asiatic jackal, common jackal, ibn awa or ibn awee (classic Arab), wa wie (spoken Arab), cakalli (Albanian), čagalj (Croatian), šakal obecný (Czech), sjakal (Danish, Swedish), jakhal (Dutch), šaakal (Estonian), sakaali (Finnish), Sjakalur (Faeroese), chacal doré (French), Goldschakal (German), tơɑκɑλ (Greek), aranysakál (Hungarian), sciacallo dorato (Italian), chagal, turg (Kurdish), zeltainais šakālis (Latvian), xakali (Maltese), gullsjakal (Nowegian), shoghal (Persian), szakal zlocisty (Polish), chacal-dourado (Portuguese), şakal (Rumanian), šakal obyčajný (Slovakian, Slovenian), chacal (Spanish), çakal (Turkish—Hatt 1959; P. D. Moehlman, in litt.). Indigenous names include Amharic: tera kebero (Ethiopia); Fulani: sundu; Hausa: dila; Hindi: Giddhad; Kanada: nuree; Kiswahili: bweha wa mbugani, bweha dhahabu (Tanzania); Marathi (India): kolha; Nepali (Nepal), Bengali, Gujarati and Kutchi (India): shiyal; Singhelese: nariya; Songhai: nzongo; Tamil (India): peria naree; Wolof: Tili (P. D. Moehlman, in litt.). DIAGNOSIS Canis aureus occurs sympatrically with the silver-backed jackal ( Canis mesomelas ) and the side-striped jackal ( Canis adustus ) in parts of East Africa. All have skull lengths of 141– 147 mm with minimal divergence in size (van Valkenburgh and Wayne 1994). C . mesomelas is distinguished by reddish flanks and limbs, and the skull may have a less developed parietal crest (Clutton-Brock et al. 1976), the angle of its ears which are more upright, and, usually, the prominent dark “silver” saddle composed of black and white hairs (Walton and Joly 2003). C . aureus may have a dark saddle seasonally, which is not prominent. C . adustus characteristically has shorter ears set more to the side of the skull, a pale side-stripe, and a white-tipped tail (Moehlman and Jhala 2013). C. lupus is much larger with a heavier body and variable pelage coloring. The skull is much larger with a welldeveloped interparietal crest, strong jaw, and large canine and carnassial teeth (Clutton-Brock et al. 1976). GENERAL CHARACTERS Canis aureus (Fig. 1) is a medium-sized canid, considered the most typical representative of the genus Canis (Clutton- Brock et al. 1976). Basic coat color is golden but varies from pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny hue on a seasonal basis. The pelage on the back is often a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, such that they can appear to have a dark saddle similar to the C. mesomelas (Walton and Joly 2003; Moehlman and Jhala 2013). The long contour hairs have an extensive black tip and a wider penultimate white band (Pocock 1938). In winter, a copious under wool is present (Pocock 1938). C . aureus inhabiting rocky, mountainous terrain may have a grayer coat shade (Sheldon 1992). The belly and underparts are a lighter pale-ginger to cream. The tail is bushy with a tan to black tip. Females have 7–8 mammae (Poché et al. 1987), comprising 4 pairs (Sheldon 1992). Eye color varies from pale yellow to amber (Lewis et al. 1968). Means and parenthetical ranges of external measurements (mm) from 6 males and 3 females, respectively, in Gujarat, India (Y. V. Jhala, in litt.) were: length of head and body, 793 (760–840), 760 (740–800); length of tail, 220 (200–240), 205 (200–210); length of ear, 76 (68–90), 80 (75–85); body mass (kg) of 6 male and 4 females was 8.8 (7.6–9.8) and 7.3 (6.5– 7.8), respectively. In Tanzania, the external measurements (mm or kg) from 2 males in the Serengeti (Moehlman and Jhala 2013) were: length of head and body, 740, 785; length of tail, 270, 280; length of ear, 110, 110; mass, 6.3, 7.7. In Egypt, means and parenthetical ranges (mm) for 9 adult C. a. lupaster of unknown sex were: length of head and body, 872 (822–893); length of tail, 312 (290–347); length of hind foot, 200 (190–212); length of ear, 112 (104–121); and body mass (kg) of 4 adults was 13 (10–15—Osborn and Helmy 1980). In Lebanon, external measurements (mm) of 3 adult C. a. syriacus were: total length, 988.3 (950–1015); length of tail, 275 (265–290); length of head and body, 713.3 (680–750); length of hind foot, 156 (140–170); length of ear from notch, 74.7 (70–80— Lewis et al. 1968). In Bangladesh, mean measurements (mm, SD , n ) of females and males, respectively, were: total length, 1009.3 (33.67, 6), 1058.6 (20.30, 7); length of tail, 220.1 (17.16, 7), 245.0 (21.41, 6); length of hind paw, 58.0 (4.93, 7), 56.3 (4.83, 7); length of hind foot, 146.2 (24.66, 5), 162.6 (8.52, 7); length of ear, 69.4 (4.80, 5), 74.1 (5.49, 7); mass (kg), 8.5 (0.73, 7), 10.3 (0.95, 7— Poché et al. 1987). Mean adult mass (kg) of 5 females and 3 males, respectively, was 10.0 and 12.0 (Palmqvist et al. 2002). On average, females are 12% lighter than males: 5.8 kg versus 6.6 kg (Moehlman and Hofer 1997). Mean cranial measurements (mm, SD Fig. 2) on 10 mandibles and upper jaws of adult C . aureus in Iran were: length of skull, 169, 31.9; length of cranium, 101, 23.7; nasal length, 67, 16.6; cranial width, 72, 4.4; length of mandible, 112, 34.6; lateral alveolar root to mental foramen, 25, 1.7; mental foramen to caudal mandibular border, 87, 3.8; mandibular foramen to base of mandible, 12, 0.4; caudal border of mandible to below mandibular foramen, 11, 0.8; maximum mandibular height, 60, 5.8 (Mofared 2013). Mean measurements (mm, range) for 3 Lebanese adults were: greatest length of skull, 148.6 (135.2–157.4); condylobasal length, 142.9 (131.9–149.1); zygomatic breadth, 83.9 (73.3–90.2); breadth of braincase, 48.8 (46.0–50.3); interorbital constriction, 29.4 (25.5–32.7); maxillary toothrow, 62.9 (60.4– 65.0); mandibular toothrow, 72.2 (58.2–74.9); mandibular length, 114.1 (104.1–121.0— Lewis et al. 1968). Mean cranial measurements (mm; with range and n ) of Egyptian adult C. a. lupaster were: condyloincisive length, 185.2 (173.5–196.0, 13); zygomatic width, 101.4 (93.5–111.3, 14); rostral width, 33.8 (31.2–37.8, 14); postorbital width, 34.8 (31.8–38.9, 13); basioccipital width at tempoparietal suture, 54.4 (51.8–59.1, 13); nasal length, 72.0 (65.9–84.8, 14); width across upper molars, 58.2 (54.2–63.0, 14); distance from anterior most surface of canine to posterior of 2nd molar, 80.3 (75.6–86.8, 14); skull height, 66.8 (62.0–74.0, 9—Osborn and Helmy 1980). In Bulgaria, mean cranial and tooth measurements (mm) for 92 males and 56 females, respectively, were: total skull length, 166, 161; neurocranium length, 89, 86.5; greatest length of nasals, 59.7, 57.9; greatest neurocranium breath, 52.5, 52.6; total length of mandible, 121.9, 118.6; height of vertebral ramus, 48.6, 46.7; length of P1 to P4, 33.9, 33.4; length of M1 to M3, 31.8, 31.0 (Stoyanev 2012). Mean mandible length and depth at 2nd molar (mm) for 5 females and 3 males, respectively, was f: 102.8, 14.3; m: 108.9, 15.3 (Palmqvist 2002). Condylobasal length (mm) from 10 males was 154, whereas it was 140 from 7+ female skulls (Pocock 1938). DISTRIBUTION Canis aureus is widespread in North and East Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia (Fig. 3). 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