Embryonic And Larval Development Of Angel Fish (Pterophyllum Scalare) With Reference To Feeding Strategy

• Main Author: K. Altaff
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2018
• Subjects: Ornamental fish, Pterophyllum scalare, Breeding, Development.; 10.5281/zenodo.1340302; Argentina; Coleman; Conklin; Kendall; Lopez; Webb; atlantic cod; Gadus morhua
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1340301; https://zenodo.org/record/1340301

Ornamental fish industry in India is making good progress in breeding, farming and trade in the recent years. The trade of ornamental fishes which was earlier practiced as cottage is now well organized as a corporate industry for domestic and international markets. Considering the importance of angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) in the domestic market, this fish was selected for present study to provide knowledge on their breeding, spawning, larval development and nutritional requirements. The eggs of this species measure 1.5  0.03 mm. Fertilized eggs are grayish in colour, while unfertilized eggs are whitish in nature. Duration of embryonic development of angel fish is 48 hours. The newly hatched out larvae of angel fish settle at the bottom and exhibit demersal habit for 2 days and utilize nutrients from the reserved yolk. The larvae begin exogenous feeding from 3 dph onwards. The larval development of angel fish includes 1. Endogenous feeding stage, 2. Endo-exogenous feeding stage and 3. Exogenous feeding stage. The yolk sac stage falls within the Endogenous and Endo-exogenous feeding stage. The duration of the Endogenous, Endo-exogenous and Exogenous feeding stages in angel fish is 1–2, 3–5, 6–22 dph, respectively. At 22 dph the larvae undergo drastic changes in their morphological characters which transform them in to juvenile stages. Ontogenetic development of angel fish larvae indicate that there is synchronized development of sense organs, swimming structures, digestive tract and respiratory structures in accordance with the requirements of the different larval stages. : {"references": ["Balon, E.K. (1986). Types of feeding in the ontogeny of fishes and the life-history model.Contemporary Studies on Fish Feeding: the Proceedings of Gutshop, 11-24.", "Balon, E.K. (1989a). The epigenetic mechanisms of bifurcation and alternative life-history styles. Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, 467-501.", "Balon, E. K. (1989b). The Tao of life: from the dynamic unity of polar opposites to self-organization. Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, 7- 40.", "Bhattacharya, S.K., Annangudi, S.P., Salomon, R.G., Kuchtey, R.W., Peachey, N.S., & Crabb, J.W. (2005). Cochlin deposits in the trabecular meshwork of the glaucomatous DBA/2J mouse. Experimental Eye Research, 80(5), 741-744.", "Celik, I., Celik, P., Cirik, S., Gurkan, M., & Hayretdag, S. (2012). Embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Boulenger, 1895) under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture Research, 43(9), 1260-1275", "Coleman, R.M., & Galvani, A.P. (1998). Egg size determines offspring size in neotropical cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Copeia, 1998(1), 209-213.", "Gisbert, E., Merino, G., Muguet, J., Bush, D., Piedrahita, R., & Conklin, D. (2002). Morphological development and allometric growth patterns in hatchery\u2010rearedCalifornia halibut larvae. Journal of Fish Biology, 61(5), 1217-1229.", "Hall, T.E., Smith, P., & Johnston, I.A. (2004). Stages of embryonic development in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Journal of Morphology, 259(3), 255-270.", "Hall, T.E., Smith, P., & Johnston, I.A. (2004). Stages of embryonic development in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Journal of Morphology, 259(3), 255-270.", "Kendall, D.G. (1984). Shape manifolds, procrustean metrics, and complex projective spaces. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 16(2), 81-121.", "Machinandiarena, L., Muller, M., & Lopez, A. (2003). Early life stages of development of the red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Pisces, Sparidae) in captivity, Argentina. Investigaciones Marinas, 31(1),5-13.", "Pandey, A., Sandhu, G., & Arora, C. (1992). Encyclopaedia of Fishes and Fisheries of India. 1-1802.", "Santamaria, C. Marin de mateo. M., Traveset, R., Sala, R., Grau, A., Pastor, E., Sarasquete, C., Crespo, S, (2004). Larval organogenesis in common dentex Dentex dentex (L. Sparidae): histological and histochemical aspects. Aquaculture,237, 207-228.", "Sheriff, M.A., & Altaff, K. (2018). Allometric growthpatterns during larval stages of two major carps, catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita). International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 3(2), 199-205.", "Watson, C., & Chapman, F. (2002). Artificial incubation of fish eggs. Fact Sheet FA-32, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida Extension, 1-5.", "Webb, J.F. (1999). Larvae in fish development and evolution The origin and evolution of larval forms. 109-158."]}