Contamination Of Organochlorine Pesticides In Nest Soil, Egg, And Blood Of The Snail-Eating Turtle (Malayemys Macrocephala) From The Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand

• Main Authors: Sarun Keithmaleesatti, Pakorn Varanusupakul, Wattasit Siriwong, Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Robson, Mark, Noppadon Kitana
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: Zenodo 2009
• Subjects: Gas chromatography; persistent organic pollutants; rice field; sentinel species.; Bakken; Barlow; Bustnes; Canada; Crowder; Cummings; Erikstad; Keller; Lawrence River; Nunes; Woodward; Larus hyperboreus
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1078633; https://zenodo.org/record/1078633

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are known to be persistent and bioaccumulative toxicants that may cause reproductive impairments in wildlife as well as human. The current study uses the snail-eating turtle Malayemys macrocephala, a long-lived animal commonly distribute in rice field habitat in central part of Thailand, as a sentinel to monitor OCP contamination in environment. The nest soil, complete clutch of eggs, and blood of the turtle were collected from agricultural areas in the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand during the nesting season of 2007-2008. The novel methods for tissue extraction by an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE, for egg) and liquid-liquid extraction (for blood) have been developed. The nineteen OCP residues were analyzed by gas chromatography with micro-electron captured detector (GC-μECD). The validated methods have met requirements of the AOAC standard. The results indicated that significant amounts of OCPs are still contaminated in nest soil and eggs of the turtle even though the OCPs had been banned in this area for many years. This suggested the potential risk to health of wildlife as well as human in the area. : {"references": ["A. S. Perry, I. Yamamato, I. Ishaaya and R. Perry, Insecticides in\nAgriculture and Environment: Retrospects and Prospects, Berlin:\nSpringer, 1998.", "C. H. Walker, S. P. Hopkin, R. M. Sibly and D. B Peakall, Principles of\nEcotoxicology. 2nd ed, Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2001.", "W. P. Cunningham, M. A. Cunningham and S. B. Woodworth,\nEnvironmental Science: A Global Concern, 9th ed., New York: McGraw-\nHill, 2007.", "K. Thirakhupt, D. Sitthicharoenchai, S. Keithmaleesatti and W.\nSiriwong, \"Organochlorine pesticides and their usages in Thailand: A\nreview,\" J. Sci. Res. Chulalongkorn Univ., vol. 31, pp. 1-15, 2006.", "T. Damstra, S. Barlow, A. Bergman, R. Kavlock, and G. Van Der Kraak,\nGlobal Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors.\nGeneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, 2002.", "L. J. Guillette, T. S. Gross, G. R. Masson, J. M. Matter, H. F. Percival\nand A. R. Woodward, \"Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and\nabnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from\ncontaminated and control lakes in Florida,\" Environ. Health Perspect.,\nvol. 102, pp. 680-688, 1994.", "L. J. Guillette, D. B. Pickford, D. A. Crain, A. A. Rooney and H. F.\nPercival, \"Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone\nconcentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated\nenvironment,\" Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., vol.101, pp. 32-42, 1996.", "W. A. Hopkins, \"Use of tissue residues in reptile ecotoxicology: A call\nfor integration and experimentation\" in Toxicology of Reptiles, S. C.\nGardner and E. Oberd\u00f6rster, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis,\n2006.", "J. M. Keller, J. R. Kucklick and P. D. McClellan-Green,\n\"Organochlorine contaminants in Loggerhead sea turtle blood:\nextraction techniques and distribution among plasma and red blood\ncells,\" Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. vol. 46, pp. 254-264, 2004.\n[10] J. J. Alava, J. M. Keller, J. R. Kucklick, J. Wyneken, L. Crowder and G.\nI. Scott, \"Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) egg yolk\nconcentrations of persistent organic pollutants and lipid increase during\nthe last stage of embryonic development,\" Sci. Total Environ., vol. 367,\npp. 170-181, 2006.\n[11] C. A. Bishop, P. Ng, K. E. Pettit, S. W. Kennedy, J. J. Stegeman, R. J.\nNorstrom and R. J. Brooks, \"Environmental contamination and\ndevelopmental abnormalities in eggs and hatchlings of the common\nsnapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from the Great Lakes-\nSt. Lawrence River (1989 - 1991),\" Environ. Pollut., vol. 101, pp. 143-\n156, 1998.\n[12] S. R. de Solla, K. J. Fernie and S. Ashpole, \"Snapping turtles (Chelydra\nserpentina) as bioindicators in Canadian Areas of concern in the Great\nLakes Basin II. Changes in hatching success and hatchling deformities in\nrelation to persistent organic pollutants,\" Environ. Pollut., vol. 153, pp.\n529-536, 2008.\n[13] C. A. Bishop, D. R. S. Lean, R. J. Brooks, J. H. Carey and P. Ng,\n\"Chlorinated hydrocarbons in early life stages of the common snapping\nturtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from a coastal wetland on Lake\nOntario,\" Environ. Toxicol. Chem., vol. 14, pp. 421-426, 1995.\n[14] W. Siriwong, \"Organochlorine pesticide residues in aquatic ecosystem\nand health risk assessment of local agricultural community,\" Ph.D.\ndissertation, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok, Thailand,\n2006.\n[15] S. Keithmaleesatti, K. Thirakhupt, A. Pradatsudarasar, P.\nVaranusupakul, N Kitana, and M. Robson, \"Concentration of\norganochlorine in egg yolk and reproductive success of Egretta garzetta\n(Linnaeus, 1758) at Wat Tan-en Non-hunting Area, Phra Nakhorn Si\nAyuthaya Province, Thailand,\" Ecotox. Environ. Safe., vol. 68, pp. 79-\n83, 2007.\n[16] N. Srinarumol, \"Population biology of the Malayan snail-eating turtle\nMalayemys subtrijuga (Schlegel and Muller, 1844),\" M.S. thesis, Dept.\nBiology, Fac. Sci., Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok, Thailand, 1995.\n[17] T. R. Brophy, \"Geographic variation and systematics in the South-east\nAsia turtle of the genus Malayemys (Testudines: Bataguridae),\"\nHamadryad, vol. 29, pp. 63-79, 2004.\n[18] F. Bonin, B. Devaux and A. Dupr\u00e9, Turtles of the World, 1st ed.,\nBaltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.\n[19] W. Siriwong, K. Thirakhupt, D. Sitticharoenchai and M. Robson,\n\"Accumulation of organochlorine pesticide residues in aquatic plants,\" J.\nSci. Res. Chulalongkorn Univ., vol. 32, pp.7-14, 2007.\n[20] R. D. Pridmore, S. F. Thrush, V. J. Cummings and J. E. Hewitt, \"Effect\nof the organochlorine pesticide technical chlordane on intertidal\nmacrofauna,\" Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 24, pp. 98-102, 1992.\n[21] B. Pan, W. X. Liu, Z. Shi, J. Cao, W. R. Shen, B. P. Qing, R. Sun and S.\nTao, \"Sample purification for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in\nsediment and fish muscle,\" J. Environ. Sci. Health, vol. 39, pp. 353-365,\n2004.\n[22] C. M. Lino, C. B. F. Azzolini, D. S. V. Nunes, J. M. R. Silva and M. I.\nN. Silveira, \"Methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticide\nresidues in human serum,\" J. Chromatogr. B, vol. 716, pp. 147-152,\n1998.\n[23] P. Chulintorn, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok,\nThailand, private communication, November 2006.\n[24] T. Poolpak, P. Pokethitiyook, M. Kruatrachue, U. Arjarasirikoon and N.\nThanwaniwat, \"Residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in the Mae\nKlong river of Central Thailand,\" J. Hazard Mater, vol. 156, pp. 230-\n239, 2008.\n[25] S. Keithmaleesatti, W. Siriwong, P. Varanusupakul, and N. Kitana,\n\"Organochlorine pesticide residues in egg of the snail-eating turtle\n(Malayemys macrocephala) from the lower Chao Phraya River basin,\nThailand,\" presented at the 7th Int. Symp. Biological Monitoring in\nOccupational and Environmental Health, Beijing, China, September 10-\n12, 2007.\n[26] T. H. Wu, J. E. Canas, T. R. Rainwater, S. G. Platt, S. T. McMurry and\nT. A. Anderson, \"Organochlorine contaminants in complete clutches of\nMorelet-s crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) eggs from Belize.\" Environ.\nPollut., vol. 144, pp. 151-157, 2006.\n[27] S. J. Ormerod and S. J. Tyler, \"Environmental pollutants in the eggs of\nWelsh dippers Cinclus cinclus: a potential monitor of organochlorine\nand mercury contamination in upland rivers,\" Bird Study, vol. 37, pp.\n171-176, 1990.\n[28] R. H. Rauschenberger, M. S. Sep\u251c\u255dlveda, J. J. Wiebe, N. J. Szabo and T.\nS. Gross, \"Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine\npesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator\nmississippiensis,\" Environ. Toxicol. Chem., vol. 23, pp. 2906-2915,\n2004.\n[29] R. H. Rauschenberger, J. J. Wiebe, J. E. Buckland, J. T. Smith, M. S.\nSepulveda and T. S. Gross, \"Achieving environmentally relevant\norganochlorine pesticide concentrations in eggs through maternal\nexposure in Alligator mississsippiensis.\" Mar. Environ. Res., vol. 58, pp.\n851-856, 2004.\n[30] J. E. Canas and T. A. Anderson, \"Organochlorine contaminants in eggs:\nthe influence of contaminated nest material,\" Chemosphere, vol. 47, pp.\n585-589, 2002.\n[31] S. R. de Solla, C. A. Bishop, G. Van Der Kraak and R. J. Brooks,\n\"Impact of organochlorine contamination on levels of sex hormones and\nexternal morphology of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina\nserpentina) in Ontario, Canada,\" Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 106,\npp. 253-260, 1998.\n[32] K. Bang, B. M. Jensen, C. Lydersen and J. C. Skaare, \"Organochlorine\nburdens in blood of ringed and bearded seals from north-western\nSvalbard,\" Chemosphere, vol. 44, pp. 193-203, 2001.\n[33] J. O. Bustnes, J. C. Skaare, K. E. Erikstad, V. Bakken and F. Mehlum,\n\"Whole blood concentration of organochlorine as a dose metric for\nstudies of the glaucocs gull (Larus hyperboreus),\" Environ. Toxicol.\nChem., vol. 20, pp. 1046-1052, 2001.\n[34] J. M. Keller, J. R. Kucklick, C. A. Harms, and P. D. McClellan-Green,\n\"Organochlorine contaminants in sea turtles: correlations between whole\nblood and fat,\" Environ. Toxicol. Chem. vol. 23, pp. 726-38, 2004.\n[35] The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) Peer\nVerified Methods Program, Manual on Policies and Procedures.\nArlington, VA: AOAC, 1993.\n[36] C. A. Bishop, G. P. Brown, R. J. Brooks, D. R. S. Lean, and J. H. Carey,\n\"Organochlorine contaminant concentrations in eggs and their\nrelationship to body size and clutch characteristics of the female\ncommon snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Lake\nOntario, Canada,\" Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. vol. 27, pp. 82-87,\n1994."]}