Data from: Functional mismatch in a bumble bee pollination mutualism under climate change

• Main Authors: Miller-Struttmann, Nicole E., Geib, Jennifer C., Franklin, James D., Kevan, Peter G., Holdo, Ricardo M., Ebert-May, Diane, Lynn, Austin M., Kettenbach, Jessica A., Hedrick, Elizabeth, Galen, Candace
• Format: Dataset
• Language: English
• Published: Dryad 2016
• Subjects: Rapid evolution; Bombus sylvicola; Bombus balteatus; Bumble bees; Wittmann; Krum; Mount Evans; Tundra
• Online Access: https://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.10278; http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.10278

Ecological partnerships, or mutualisms, are globally widespread, sustaining agriculture and biodiversity. Mutualisms evolve through the matching of functional traits between partners, such as tongue length of pollinators and flower tube depth of plants. Long-tongued pollinators specialize on flowers with deep corolla tubes, whereas shorter-tongued pollinators generalize across tube lengths. Losses of functional guilds because of shifts in global climate may disrupt mutualisms and threaten partner species. We found that in two alpine bumble bee species, decreases in tongue length have evolved over 40 years. Co-occurring flowers have not become shallower, nor are small-flowered plants more prolific. We argue that declining floral resources because of warmer summers have favored generalist foraging, leading to a mismatch between shorter-tongued bees and the longer-tubed plants they once pollinated. : Tongue length density function parameter estimationThis is R script when run on the following five files [“Bumble bee community workers past - Front Range.csv”, “Bumble bee community workers past - Pennsylvania Mountain.csv”, “Bumble bee community workers present - Front Range.csv”, “Bumble bee community workers present - Pennsylvania Mountain.csv”, “Bumble bee tongue length - Macior 1974.csv”] will produce the parameter estimates for the multi-modal tongue length density function of 1000 simulated bumble bee communities. Two example outputs from this R script (those analyzed statistically for the above manuscript) are included in these data files [i.e., “Data from 'Tongue length density function parameters estimation' - Front Range.csv” and “Data from 'Tongue length density function parameters estimation' - Pennsylvania Mountain.csv”]Bumble bee community workers past - Front RangeThis is the list of bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by L. W. Macior (1974) at Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Site and Mount Evans Wilderness Area in Colorado. Data from Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge combined as in Macior 1974. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”.Bumble bee community workers past - Pennsylvania MountainThis is the list of bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by P. A. Byron (1980) at Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee community workers present - Front RangeThis is the list of bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by Nicole Miller-Struttmann and colleagues between 2012 and 2014 at Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site and Mount Evans Wilderness Area in Colorado. Data from Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge combined as in Macior 1974. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee community workers present - Pennsylvania MountainThis is the list of bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by Jenni Geib and colleagues in 2008, 2011 and 2013 at Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee tongue length - Macior 1974Tongue length measurements from Macior 1974. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r” COLUMN DETAILS: BB.SPECIES - bumble bee species name MEAN - mean tongue length (mm) STANDARD.DEVIATION - standard deviation in tongue length (mm)Data from 'Tongue length density function parameters estimation' - Front RangeSample output (used in the associated manuscript) from the R script “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”. Provides the proportion of individual bumble bees in each subpopulation (short and long-tongued) and mean and standard deviation of tongue length in each subpopulation of bumble bees in the Front Range in the past and present. Bumble bee community data from Mt. Evans Wilderness Area and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site combined as in Macior 1974. COLUMN DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration from the resampling code (ranges from 1-1000) lambda1 - proportion of individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu1 - mean tongue length of the individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma1 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees lambda2 - proportion of individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu2 - mean tongue length of the individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma2 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees TIME – the timeframe during which the bees were originally collected in the Front Range (Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge combined) and Pennsylvania Mountain (1966-1969 and 1977-1980, respectively)Data from 'Tongue length density function parameters estimation' - Pennsylvania MountainSample output (used in the associated manuscript) from the R script “Tongue length density function parameter estimation.r”. Provides the proportion of individual bumble bees in each subpopulation (short and long-tongued) and mean and standard deviation of tongue length in each subpopulation of bumble bees at Pennsylvania Mountain Wilderness Area in the past and present. COLUMN DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration from the resampling code (ranges from 1-1000) lambda1 - proportion of individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu1 - mean tongue length of the individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma1 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees lambda2 - proportion of individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu2 - mean tongue length of the individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma2 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees TIME – the timeframe during which the bees were originally collected in the Front Range (Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge combined) and Pennsylvania Mountain (1966-1969 and 1977-1980, respectively)Tube depth density function parameter estimationThis is R script when run with the following two files [“Bumble bee visits - Front Range.csv”, ”Flower tube depth mean and standard deviation.csv”] will produce the parameter estimates for the uni-modal tongue length density function of 1000 simulated bumble bee visitation bouts. One example output from this R script (which was analyzed statistically for the above manuscript) is included in this set of datafiles [i.e., “Data from 'Tube depth density function parameter estimation'.csv”]Bumble bee visits - Front RangeThis is the number of individuals of each bumble bee species visiting each plant species as collected by Macior (1974) and Miller-Struttmann in the past (1966-1969) and present (2012-2014). Visitation data from Mt. Evans Wilderness Area and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research combined as in Macior 1974. Used in “Tube depth density function parameter estimation.r”Flower tube depth mean and standard deviationMean and standard deviation of flower tube depth for plant species visited by resident alpine bumble bees (Bombus balteatus and B. sylvicola). Plant species determined according to Webber and Wittmann 2012. Used in “Tube depth density function parameter estimation.r” COLUMN DETAILS: PLANT.SPECIES - plant species name MEAN - mean flower tube depth (mm) STANDARD.DEVIATION - standard deviation of flower tube depth (mm).Data from 'Tube depth density function parameter estimation'Sample output (used in the above manuscript) from the R script “Tube depth density function parameter estimation.r”. Provides the mean and standard deviation of flowers visited by bumble bees in the past (1966-1969) and present (2012-2014) in the Front Range (visitation data from Mt. Evans Wilderness Area and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site combined as in Macior 1974). COLUMN DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration from the resampling code (ranges from 1-1000) mean - mean tube depth (mm) of flowers visited by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled visitation iterations st.dev - standard deviation in tube depth (mm) of flowers visited by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled visitation iterations variance - variance in tube depth (mm) of flowers visited by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled visitation iterations TIME – the timeframe of the original visitation data used to simulate the tube depth density functionBumble bee foraging data - LubinskiForaging behavior of bumble bees (B. balteatus) followed while foraging in the field on Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. COLUMN DETAILS: SEQUENCE - the order in which a given flower was visited by a bee SPECIES FROM - the plant from which a bee departs SPECIES TO - the plant which the bee visits next SWITCH - describes whether a bee chose to switch to a different plant species (1) or remained consistent (0) between SPECIES FROM and SPECIES TO visits FLOWER DENSITY - density of flowers (flowers per m2) in the original foraging patch FLIGHT DISTANCE - distance flown between SPECIES FROM and SPECIES TO (m) FROM TUBE - tube depth (mm) of species the bee departs TO TUBE - tube depth (mm) of plant species the individual bee visits nextBumble bee morphology dataMorphological measurements of bumble bee specimens collected by various individuals at Mt. Evans Wilderness Area, Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site, and Pennsylvania Mountain. COLUMN DETAILS: GLOSSA LENGTH ANALYSIS - a bivariate operator indicating if a specimen was (1) or was not (0) used in the analyses of tongue length presenting in the above article INTERTEGULAR SPACE ANALYSIS - a bivariate operator indicating if a specimen was (1) or was not (0) used in the analyses of intertegular space presenting in the above article PLANT.SPECIES - the plant species on which the bee was visiting when collectedNiwot change in vegetative coverProportional change in vegetative cover and flower depth for eleven historic bumble bee host plant species as measured on Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site (Johnson et al. 2011). Vegetative cover in each year (1971 and 2011) was summed across all plots, and proportional change in vegetative cover for each species was calculated as the difference between vegetative cover in 2011 and 1971 weighted by cover in 1971.Penn flower densityPeak flower density (flowers per meter squared) for six plant species surveyed across five habitats [krummholz (KRUM); south and south-east facing slopes (SLOPE); wet tundra (SWALE), false summit (FSUMMIT); and true summit (SUMMIT)] on Pennsylvania Mountain in the past (1977-1980) and present (2012-2014).Plant specimens with flower measurementsFlower tube depth measurements of plant specimens collected by various individuals collected at or with 15km of at Mt. Evans Wilderness Area, Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site.Bumble bee foraging modelR script for a simple mathematical model modified from Essenberg 2012 to predict foraging efficiency of generalist and specialist bees given variation in flight speed, flower density, handling time, and the proportion of shallow vs. deep flowers in the community. The output of the model describes the relative advantage of being a generalist. The generalist is favored when its relative advantage is greater than 1.