Description
Summary:The small-scale surface roughness is important for scattering of shortwave visible and higher-frequency microwave radiation. A standard digital camera (Olympus tough TG-5) and a set of reference targets were used to take sets of images that can be processed using multi-image photogrammetry into high-resolution small-scale digital elevation models (DEMs). The DEMs can be used to estimate roughness of the snow surface and of the snow-ice interface. The reference targets were distributed around a small ( ~ 0.6 m x 0.6 m) area, and pictures were taken from different angles, including all targets in each image, and ideally overlapping by at least 80%. Pictures were always taken with the maximum wide-angle of the camera. During polar night, a headlamp was taken to illuminate the scene before pictures were taken. Image sets of the surface were taken before the snowpit was excavated. Image sets of the snow-ice interface were taken after the detailed snowpit measurements, and the remaining snow was brushed off the ...