ПОДВИДЫ БЕРЕГОВОЙ ЛАСТОЧКИ RIPARIA RIPARIA (LINNAEUS, 1758) ФАУНЫ РОССИИ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ
Longstanding consideration the forms of diluta group as a subspecies of Collared Sand Martin was strongly distorted the notion of distribution of R. riparia and the scale (scope) of geographic variation of this species. At present taxonomical boundaries of the Pale Sand Martin R. diluta as self-poly...
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Русский орнитологический журнал
2012
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| Summary: | Longstanding consideration the forms of diluta group as a subspecies of Collared Sand Martin was strongly distorted the notion of distribution of R. riparia and the scale (scope) of geographic variation of this species. At present taxonomical boundaries of the Pale Sand Martin R. diluta as self-polytypic species were finally determined (Goroshko 1993; Dickinson et al. 2001; Loskot 2001). The purpose of our study was to trace the distribution details of R. riparia (in its present meaning) in breeding period and to carry out its own variability analysis of external morphological characters of the species in Russia and adjacent territories. The map of breeding range of R. riparia (see Fig. 4) is prepared on the basis of critical analysis of literature materials and mapping the points of finds of collection specimens related to the breeding period. In this paper we accept the independence of subspecies R. r. shelleyi, R. r. eilata and R. r. innominata (= R. r. dolgushini) but don't discuss it here, because we hadn't suitable specimens of adult breeding birds of these forms for comparison. It was possible to confirm the reality of geographical races R. r. kolymensis, R. r. taczanowskii, R. r. ijimae, R. r. maximiliani and to separate three new subspecies from Western and Central Siberia, North-Western Mongolia and adjacent areas of Tuva, eastern part of Mongolia and Transbaikalia. We examined skins kept in ornithological collections of Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (ZISP), Zoological Museum of Moscow State University (ZMMU), Institute of Systematic and Ecology of Animals at the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISEA), Zoological Museum of Siberian Federal University (ZMSFU), State Darwin Museum (SDM) and Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (IMGG). In total 443 specimens from different parts of breeding range were processed, with all types of plumage included. Besides, type specimens of R. r. kolymensis Buturlin, 1917 (n = 2, ZMMU), R. r. taczanowskii Stegmann, 1925 (n = 5, ZISP) и R. r. stotzneriana Meise, 1934 (n = 2, ZISP, ZMMU) were examined. Whereas we hadn't sufficiently large series of juvenile birds from the most part of species' range we conducted the comparison of coloration and dimensions only for adult birds. For correct coloration comparison and proper designation of tinges we referred to Naturalist's Color Guide (Smithe 1975). Numbers of tinges are cited in brackets after corresponding tinge names. Given the fact that coloration of plumage is becoming browner with the time of storage, for current analysis we used only specimens of birds collected during the last 30 years. Old specimens noticeably changed the color of plumage remain quite defined but only by comparison with specimens of the same remoteness of storage. The comparison of dimensions of adult Sand Martins was carried out without the sex differentiation. The wing length was measured with ruler having wing straightened along the ruler as much as possible. Other measurements were taken with calipers. Tail length - from basis of central pair of rectrices to the rectrices tips. Tarsus was measured from intertarsal joint to the base of middle finger. Bill measurements included length from anterior edge of nostril to the tip of bill (bill length from nostril) and length of culmen from rear edge of rhamphotheca to the bill tip (bill length). The bill height was measured at the rear edge of nostril, bill width - at the base of rhamphotheca. The length of the top of the wing was estimated as the distance from the top of 11th (the first secondary) flight feather to the end of the second primaries, the depth of tail cut - as a distance between the tops of tail streamers of central and extreme pairs of feathers. Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) Upperparts and breast-band are brownish-olive (Dark Brownish Olive, P.129), lighter than subspecies of sibirica, macrorhyncha, kolymensis and ijimae. Breast-band has well-marked narrowing in the central part. The length of wing (107.9 mm in average) and tail (58.7 mm in average) is reliably smaller (P sibirica and macrorhyncha, longer than of ijimae, goroshkoi, taczanowskii and maximiliani. Dimensions of a bill are the same of sibirica and goroshkoi. Breeds across Europe, east to Ural Mountains, basin of Ural River and Caspian Sea, inhabits Transcaucasia, Northern Iran and southern part of Turkmenia (Fig. 4). Riparia riparia sibirica Evtikhova et Redkin subsp. n. Holotype. Adult male, 07.06.2007, Altai territory, Blagoveshchensk district, Bauzhansor Lake, 52º 45'N, 79º28'E., coll.: Ya.A.Red'kin (skin), ZMMU R-124313. Paratypes: male ad., 12.05.2007, Altai territory, Volchichinsky district, Bychiye Lake, near village Borforpost, 51º 50'N., 80º09'E, coll.: Ya.A.Red'kin (skin), ZMMU R-124318; male ad., 31.05.2007, Altai territory, Tabunsky district, Maloye Yarovoye Lake, 53º 00'N, 79º07'E, coll.: Ya.A.Red'kin (skin), ZMMU R-124314. Upperparts and breast-band are dark-brown (Vandyke Brown, P.121), darker than of riparia but slightly lightly than of kolymensis. Breast-band has narrowing in the central part. Larger than similar riparia and kolymensis, differs from the majority of subspecies reliably (P riparia, taczanowskii and ijimae. The bill is wider than of kolymensis (see Fig. 1). Breeds in Western and Central Siberia and also in northern and eastern parts of Kazakhstan (see Fig. 4). To the west is distributed to Ural Mountains. In Southern Ural it probably contacts with nominative subspecies. In breeding period this form was collected in Syr-Darya (ZMMU). Presumably breeds on the Sary-Su River. To the East is distributed to the valleys of Lower Tunguska and Chona Rivers. Subspecies belonging of birds from central areas of Yakutia is unclear. In migratory period R. r. sibirica occurs in many areas of Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan. Riparia riparia macrorhyncha Evtikhova et Redkin subsp. n. Holotype. Adult male, 28.06.1986, Tuva, vicinities of Kungurtug village, Tere-Khol Lake, 50º36'N, 97º28'E., coll.: A.P.Savchenko (skin), ZMSFU 324 (1). Paratypes: female ad., 03.07.1986, Tuva, vicinities of Kungurtug village, Tere-Khol Lake, 50º36'N, 97º28'E., coll.: A.P.Savchenko (skin), ZMSFU 319 (9); male ad., 17.07.1981, Northern Mongolia, Darkhatskiy basin, Dod-Nur Lake, 51º 24'N, 99º17'E, coll.: Soviet-Mongolian expedition (skin), ZMMU R-106190. There is the largest dark-colored race. The bill is longer, more massive and wider than in other subspecies (Fig. 2). Its width at the base is not less than 7.3 mm (7.9 mm in average). Claws are longer in average than in other forms. Wing is longer than 110 mm in average. The coloration of upperparts is similar to sibirica (slightly more brown), much darker than goroshkoi. Breast-band has narrowing in the central part. Breeds in the northern-west part of Mongolia and in the south of Tuva (Fig. 4). It is known of 10 specimens collected in summer period from 5 areas: Khara-Usu-Nur Lake (48º03'N; 92º13'E) (n = 2, ZISP); Shara-Nur Lake (50º13'N; 94º36'E) (n = 1, ZMMU); Tere-Khol Lake (50º36'N, 97º28'E) (n = 4, ZMSFU); Dod-Nur Lake (51º 24'N, 99º17'E) (n = 2, ZMMU). One possibly vagrant specimen (ZISP) collected 02.08.1915 in Southern Baikal Lake near village Bol'shiye Koty (51º54'N; 105º04'E). Riparia riparia kolymensis Buturlin, 1917 Upperparts and breast-band are dark blackish-brown (Vandyke Brown, P.121), slightly darker than of sibirica, mixed with blackish color. Breast-band has narrowing in the central part. The bill is thinner and narrower than of other subspecies (see Fig. 1). Width at the bill base no more 7.3 mm (6.7 mm in average). Bill length is longer in average than of other subspecies (except R. r. macrorhyncha). The length of wing and tail is the same of riparia; less than of sibirica and macrorhyncha, but reliably (P R. diluta. Breeds to the east from Verkhoyansk Range in the basins of Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr and Penzhina, on some rivers of Koryak Highland and also on the larger part of Kamchatka (Fig. 4). On the Northern Kuril Islands is mentioned on Shumshu Island and presumably on Paramushir Island. Breeding specimen from the west of Alaska (ZMMU) - Yukon-Kuskokwim delta (61º14,6'N, 165º37,8'W) - is referred to this race. Apparently dark specimens from Barrow and Port Moller identified Ch.Vaurie as «ijimae» (Vaurie 1959) belong to this subspecies. Migratory bird (ZISP) was collected on 11.06.1845 near Udskoye village (54º43'N; 135º14'E). Riparia riparia goroshkoi Evtikhova et Redkin subsp. n. Holotype. Adult male, 09.06.1991, Chita Region, Onon district, Kubuhay village, 50º29'N, 114º48'E., coll.: O.A.Goroshkoi (skin), ZMMU R-112447. Paratypes: sex-? ad., 09.06.1991, Chita Region, Onon district, Kubuhay village, 50º29'N, 114º48'E., coll.: O.A.Goroshkoi (skin), ZMMU R-112446; male ad., 26.06.1989, Chita Region, Borzya district, Arshan village, near Toreyskiye Lakes, 50º00'N, 115º 53'E, coll.: O.A.Goroshkoi (skin), ZISP 169302/ 230-992. Upperparts and breast-band are brownish (Hair-Brown, P. 119A) or olive-brown (Olive-Brown, P. 28), darker than of taczanowskii but lighter than of ijimae. Breast-band is wide as of ijimae and taczanowskii. Dimensions are larger than that of similar race taczanowskii (wing 105.3 mm in average, tail - 56.4 mm). It differs from kolymensis, sibirica и macrorhyncha by smaller size (wing length always less than 110 mm), lighter coloration and wide breast-band. The bill is narrower at the base than of riparia, sibirica and macrorhyncha, but wider than of kolymensis; in average longer than of taczanowskii and ijimae, shorter than of kolymensis. Breeds in steppe zone on the south of Transbaikalia and Eastern Mongolia (see Fig. 4). To the east it's distributed to Greater Khingan Range. Riparia riparia taczanowskii Stegmann, 1925 The most light-colored and the smallest among all concerned Palearctic races of R. riparia. Upperparts is light, grayish-brown (more similar to Hair-Brown, P. 119A), slightly lighter and grayish than of goroshkoi. Breast-band is wide. Wing length never run to 110 mm (102.9 mm in average), and tail is shorter than 55 mm usually. Differ from similar race goroshkoi by smaller length of wing (P P R. r. stotzneriana Meise, 1934, described from vicinities of Harbin isn't differ from this form. Breeds in valleys of Amur, Sungari, Ussuri Rivers and lowland of Khanka Lake, to the west to Greater Khingan Range (see fig.4). In breeding period is mentioned on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk near Udskoye village (54º43'N; 135º14'E). To the south it's apparently distributed only to lower riches of Tumangan River. This subspecies is very rare in majority of areas, apparently common only on the main channel of Amur River and on some of its tributaries. Riparia riparia ijimae (Lonnberg, 1908) Dark-colored race of small size (wing length always lesser than 110 mm, 104.0 mm in average). Upperparts is dark-brown (Vandyke Brown, P.121), darker than of taczanowskii и goroshkoi. Breast-band is wide, the same color. In contrast of the northern race kolymensis, coloration is browner, without dark-grayish color. It's bigger than adjacent mainland race taczanowskii. The bill is similar to that of goroshkoi subspecies, but slightly shorter. It breeds on Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Kunashir, Shikotan, Iturup, Urup Islands and mainland coast of Tatar Strait from Olympics Cape (46º 15'N; 138º05'E) to the area of Rudnaya Pristan' (44º22'N; 135º49'E). Riparia riparia maximiliani (Stejneger, 1885) Upperparts is brownish-olive (Dark Brownish Olive, P.129), similar to riparia. Breast-band is narrow, the same color. Dimensions are smaller than of concerned Palearctic races. Wing and tail are reliably shorter than of taczanowskii subspecies. The bill is slim, shape and size similar to that of kolymensis race but slightly more massive. It breeds in Northern America (except western parts of Alaska). We were researched 20 specimens from Anchorage district (ZMMU), Ontario (ZMMU), Massachusetts State (ZISP), and also from vicinities of New York (ZISP). Specimens from these areas were greatly similar and represented single geographic race, well-distinct from all Palearctic races. Thus, we recognize the existence of 11 subspecies of the Collared Sand Martin: R. r. riparia, R. r. shelleyi, R. r. eilata, R. r. sibirica, R. r. innominata, R. r. macrorhyncha, R. r. kolymensis, R. r. goroshkoi, R. r. taczanowskii, R. r. ijimae and R. r. maximiliani. Reviewed here Palearctic races can be divided to two groups, whose isolation occurred earlier than of separate subspecies in its composition. The composition of both groups is included dark and light-colored races. The first group combines races riparia, sibirica, macrorhyncha, kolymensis, and also innominata probably. All of them have relatively large dimensions (wing length more than 106 mm in average), narrow breast-band and apparently connected with the wintering areas on the African continent. The second group includes goroshkoi, taczanowskii and ijimae - smaller races (wing length lesser than 106 mm in average) with wide breast-band, wintering in Southern Asia. Isolated position has American form R. r. maximiliani differed by small size and narrow breast-band and wintered only within Central and Southern America. It's necessary to continue the researches of geographic variation and details of distribution of this species, especially in areas of spatial contact of adjacent geographic races. Limits of species distribution in southern and central parts of Yakutia and subspecies belonging of Collared Sand Martins inhabited this area remain unknown. The breeding areas of eilata form remain unknown too. It's necessary to specify morphological differences and details of distribution of innominata (= dolgushini) race ones again. Distribution of certain geographic races in winter period and also the patterns of seasonal migrations require special study. Finally, it should be noted again that diagnosis of subspecies belonging of specific populations of this species is possible only with using of modern, series, well-prepared material of adult birds. The use of separate specimens collected in different time and attempts to identify the subspecies by photos are incorrect. |
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