Хищные птицы долины Р. Самара, Россия

• Main Authors: Карякин, И., Николенко, Э.
• Format: Text
• Language: unknown
• Published: Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Сибэкоцентр» 2008
• Subjects: ХИЩНЫЕ ПТИЦЫ; ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ; Accipiter gentilis
• Online Access: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/hischnye-ptitsy-doliny-r-samara-rossiya; http://cyberleninka.ru/article_covers/14599372.png

We carried out surveys of raptors during the water route on the Samara river since 7 to 12 July 2007 (Fig. 1). Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the birds 19 times (Fig. 2). The density was 11,09 records/100 km of the river or 13,86/100 km2 of a total area, or 22,04/100 km2 of a forested area. Thus density was 24,53 pairs/100 km2 of a total area or 30,97 pairs/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between nearest records was 2,17±1,78 km (Ex=5,77; n=12; range 0,64-7,14 km). We found 2 nests (occupied, but empty, and old) at the distance of 30 and 80 m from the river. Nests were located on oaks in forks, the height of location was 8 m. Black Kite (Milvus migrans) The most common breeding raptor species of the Samara River flood-lands. We recorded the species in 101 points (Fig. 3). Single birds were noted in 48 points, pairs in 14 points and living nests in 39 points. The average brood size was 1,26±0,45 chicks (n=23; range 1-2, 79% of broods contained only a chick). The most part of found nests (n=40) was located on poplars (92,5%) close to the river bank (10-30 m from the water). A nest was found on the willow (10 м m from the water), oak ( 40 м m from the water) and metal electric pole. It was the first record of the Black Kite (M. m. migrans) nesting on the electric pole. Tree nests (n=39) were situated in forks (87,5%) of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water, on side branches in several meters from the trunk (7,5% ) and in the basis of branches besides trunk (2,5%). The average height of nest locations was 15,6±5,07 m (range 9-30 m) and 12,6±5,15 m from the top of tree (range 3-25 m). The density was 58,96 records/100 km of the river or, плотность 73,7/100 km2 of a total area or 117,14/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor records of Black Kites 1,28±0,76 km (n=100; range 0,37-5,52; Ex=5,77). Distances from 0,5 to 2 km were the most usual (Fig. 4, А). And following the data of analysis of distances between living nests and pairs (Fig. 4, В) parameters have been similar 1,25±0,57 km (n=37; range 0,37-2,44 km; Ex=-0,7). Thus records of single birds not confirmed by findings of nests should be considered as breeding, and calculating the number of breeding pairs should be equated with pair. Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) Only a bird was noted on 9 July (Fig. 5). Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) We recorded 5 birds during surveys: 2 males, including one with a prey, and 3 females, including one with a prey (Fig. 5). The density was 2,92 ind./100 km of river or 3,65 ind./100 km2 of total area. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. Caused secretive behavior of birds we observed the species only on 9 July, also we found a nest leaved by fledglings on 11 July (Fig. 6). The nest was located in a fork of the poplar at the height of 18 m, in 5 m from the top. The density was 1,17 records/100 km of the river or 1,46 rec./100 km2 of a total area or 2,32 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We observed birds twice on 9 and 10 July (Fig. 6). Both records were in large massifs of middle-aged pine artificial forests. The density was 1,17 record/100 km of the river or 1,46/100 km2 of a total area, or 2,32/100 km2 of a forested area. Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the species in 28 points (Fig. 7). Single birds were observed in 15 points and living nests were found in 13 territories. The most part of found pairs seemed to prefer the large colonies of Sand Martins, located on open precipices with pastures on the top. The most part of found nests (n=14) were located on poplars (92,86%) and only a nest was on the willow. Also the most part of nests (78,57%) were on trees located close to the river bank. All found nests were in forks of trunks or in forks of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water. The average height of nest locations 15,6±5,07 m (range 9-30 m) or 12,6±5,15 m from the top of tree (range 3-25 m). The average brood size was 3,33±0,52 chicks (n=6; range 3-4 chicks) (Павлов, 2006; our data). The density was 6,35 records/100 km of the river or 20,43/100 km2 of a total area or 32,48/100 km2 of a forested area. Following data of counts in sunny days the density was 27,88 records/100 km of the river or 34,85/100 km2 of a total area or 44,02/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor points of registration (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) was 1,68±0,78 km (n=18; range 0,45-2,89; Ex=-1,15). The most common distances were from 0,5 to 1,5 km and from 2 to 3 km (Fig. 8). The most part pairs seemed to breed at the distance 2-3 km between neighbors, the distances larger than 3 km seemed to prove that pairs were not found, and distances lesser than 2 km that feeding conditions were favorable and pairs bred denser in such habitats. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) Rare species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We observed 3 adults during water route (Fig. 9). The density was 1,75 records/100 km of the river or 2,19 rec./100 km2 of a total area, or 3,48 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Rare breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We surveyed Booted Eagles in 4 sites of the river: single birds were observed 3 times and a living nest was found (Fig. 10). The breeding territory with living nest was localized with the male displayed the courtship behavior on 8 July. It was garland flight display during 20 minutes after that we observed copulation on a perch. We found the living nest with the chick. The nest was located on the old poplar in 110 m from the river bank and was in the fork at the height of 22 m and in 12 m from the top of tree. Both birds in the pair were pale. Also during other records we observed a pale and two dark birds. Distances between points of records were 3,1 and 7,5 km, while the last distance included a settlement. The density was 2,34 records/100 km of the river or 2,92/100 km2 of a total area, or 4,64/100 km2 of a forested area. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) Non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We noted birds in 11 points (Fig. 11). Only birds were recorded in 5 points, a pair in a point and living nests in 5 points. The density was 6,42 records/100 km of river or 8,03/100 km2 of total area, or 12,76/100 km2 of forest, following data in sunny days the density was 8,26 record/100 km of the river or 10,33/100 km2 of a total area, or 13,04/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between points of records in sunny days (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) 3,8±1,98 km (Ex=-1,11; n=6; range 1,4-6,7 km). All 5 found nests were located in nests have been originally made by the Hooded Crow in forks of large branches on poplars at the height of 12-30 m, an average of 23,4±7,06 m and in 2-5 m (an average of 3,6±1,52 m) from the top. Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) Rare species. Only male was noted above a pasture on 12 July (Fig. 12). Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Rare species. Only male was noted on 10 July (Fig. 12). We carried out surveys of raptors during the water route on the Samara river since 7 to 12 July 2007 (Fig. 1). Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the birds 19 times (Fig. 2). The density was 11,09 records/100 km of the river or 13,86/100 km2 of a total area, or 22,04/100 km2 of a forested area. Thus density was 24,53 pairs/100 km2 of a total area or 30,97 pairs/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between nearest records was 2,17±1,78 km (Ex=5,77; n=12; range 0,64-7,14 km). We found 2 nests (occupied, but empty, and old) at the distance of 30 and 80 m from the river. Nests were located on oaks in forks, the height of location was 8 m. Black Kite (Milvus migrans) The most common breeding raptor species of the Samara River flood-lands. We recorded the species in 101 points (Fig. 3). Single birds were noted in 48 points, pairs in 14 points and living nests in 39 points. The average brood size was 1,26±0,45 chicks (n=23; range 1-2, 79% of broods contained only a chick). The most part of found nests (n=40) was located on poplars (92,5%) close to the river bank (10-30 m from the water). A nest was found on the willow (10 м m from the water), oak ( 40 м m from the water) and metal electric pole. It was the first record of the Black Kite (M. m. migrans) nesting on the electric pole. Tree nests (n=39) were situated in forks (87,5%) of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water, on side branches in several meters from the trunk (7,5% ) and in the basis of branches besides trunk (2,5%). The average height of nest locations was 15,6±5,07 m (range 9-30 m) and 12,6±5,15 m from the top of tree (range 3-25 m). The density was 58,96 records/100 km of the river or, плотность 73,7/100 km2 of a total area or 117,14/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor records of Black Kites 1,28±0,76 km (n=100; range 0,37-5,52; Ex=5,77). Distances from 0,5 to 2 km were the most usual (Fig. 4, А). And following the data of analysis of distances between living nests and pairs (Fig. 4, В) parameters have been similar 1,25±0,57 km (n=37; range 0,37-2,44 km; Ex=-0,7). Thus records of single birds not confirmed by findings of nests should be considered as breeding, and calculating the number of breeding pairs should be equated with pair. Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) Only a bird was noted on 9 July (Fig. 5). Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) We recorded 5 birds during surveys: 2 males, including one with a prey, and 3 females, including one with a prey (Fig. 5). The density was 2,92 ind./100 km of river or 3,65 ind./100 km2 of total area. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. Caused secretive behavior of birds we observed the species only on 9 July, also we found a nest leaved by fledglings on 11 July (Fig. 6). The nest was located in a fork of the poplar at the height of 18 m, in 5 m from the top. The density was 1,17 records/100 km of the river or 1,46 rec./100 km2 of a total area or 2,32 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We observed birds twice on 9 and 10 July (Fig. 6). Both records were in large massifs of middle-aged pine artificial forests. The density was 1,17 record/100 km of the river or 1,46/100 km2 of a total area, or 2,32/100 km2 of a forested area. Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the species in 28 points (Fig. 7). Single birds were observed in 15 points and living nests were found in 13 territories. The most part of found pairs seemed to prefer the large colonies of Sand Martins, located on open precipices with pastures on the top. The most part of found nests (n=14) were located on poplars (92,86%) and only a nest was on the willow. Also the most part of nests (78,57%) were on trees located close to the river bank. All found nests were in forks of trunks or in forks of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water. The average height of nest locations 15,6±5,07 m (range 9-30 m) or 12,6±5,15 m from the top of tree (range 3-25 m). The average brood size was 3,33±0,52 chicks (n=6; range 3-4 chicks) (Павлов, 2006; our data). The density was 6,35 records/100 km of the river or 20,43/100 km2 of a total area or 32,48/100 km2 of a forested area. Following data of counts in sunny days the density was 27,88 records/100 km of the river or 34,85/100 km2 of a total area or 44,02/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor points of registration (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) was 1,68±0,78 km (n=18; range 0,45-2,89; Ex=-1,15). The most common distances were from 0,5 to 1,5 km and from 2 to 3 km (Fig. 8). The most part pairs seemed to breed at the distance 2-3 km between neighbors, the distances larger than 3 km seemed to prove that pairs were not found, and distances lesser than 2 km that feeding conditions were favorable and pairs bred denser in such habitats. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) Rare species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We observed 3 adults during water route (Fig. 9). The density was 1,75 records/100 km of the river or 2,19 rec./100 km2 of a total area, or 3,48 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Rare breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We surveyed Booted Eagles in 4 sites of the river: single birds were observed 3 times and a living nest was found (Fig. 10). The breeding territory with living nest was localized with the male displayed the courtship behavior on 8 July. It was garland flight display during 20 minutes after that we observed copulation on a perch. We found the living nest with the chick. The nest was located on the old poplar in 110 m from the river bank and was in the fork at the height of 22 m and in 12 m from the top of tree. Both birds in the pair were pale. Also during other records we observed a pale and two dark birds. Distances between points of records were 3,1 and 7,5 km, while the last distance included a settlement. The density was 2,34 records/100 km of the river or 2,92/100 km2 of a total area, or 4,64/100 km2 of a forested area. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) Non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We noted birds in 11 points (Fig. 11). Only birds were recorded in 5 points, a pair in a point and living nests in 5 points. The density was 6,42 records/100 km of river or 8,03/100 km2 of total area, or 12,76/100 km2 of forest, following data in sunny days the density was 8,26 record/100 km of the river or 10,33/100 km2 of a total area, or 13,04/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between points of records in sunny days (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) 3,8±1,98 km (Ex=-1,11; n=6; range 1,4-6,7 km). All 5 found nests were located in nests have been originally made by the Hooded Crow in forks of large branches on poplars at the height of 12-30 m, an average of 23,4±7,06 m and in 2-5 m (an average of 3,6±1,52 m) from the top. Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) Rare species. Only male was noted above a pasture on 12 July (Fig. 12). Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Rare species. Only male was noted on 10 July (Fig. 12).