Sensitivity of delay Doppler map in spaceborne GNSS-R to geophysical variables of the ocean

• Published in: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
• Main Authors: Camps, Adriano, Park, Hyuk
• Other Authors: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2022
• Subjects: Sea ice
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/295712; https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3211876

Global Navigation Satellite Systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a particular case of a multistatic radar in which the signals transmitted by navigation satellites are the signals of opportunity. These signals can be processed as a radar scatterometer, as a radar altimeter, or as an unfocused synthetic aperture radar. GNSS-R has shown its potential to infer numerous geophysical variables: over land soil moisture, vegetation height, detection of freeze-thaw state, etc., map sea ice extent and type…, and over the ocean wind speed and direction, significant wave height, altimetric measurements or even more recently NASA has released a marine plastics litter product, and some also claim that sea surface salinity (SSS)canbeinferred.Inaddition,retrievalalgorithmsneglectsome of the variations of the delay Doppler map (DDM) that are linked to the observation geometry, i.e., look angle with respect to the speed vectors of the transmitter and receiver. All these different effects impact the DDM peak value and its shape, and may affect the retrieval of geophysical parameters, and ultimately the data interpretation. In this study, the following factors impacting the DDM peak value are studied: the observation geometry, the sea surface temperature, and SSS, the 10 m height wind speed (U10) and direction (WD), the presence of foam, the sea development state, the presence of swell, currents, rain, and the presence of oil slicks perturbing the sea surface roughness. This illustrates the complexityofthechallengespresentedwhentryingtoretrievesome of these variables, the required corrections, and their accuracy. This work was supported in part by the Programa Estatal para Impulsar la Investigación Científico-Técnica y su Transferencia, del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 (Spain) under Grant PID2021-126436OB-C21, in part by the European Social Fund, and in part by the GENESIS: GNSS Environmental and Societal Missions–Subproject UPC under Grant PID2021-126436OB-C21. (Corresponding author: ...