Protected areas buffer against harvest selection and rebuild phenotypic complexity

• Published in: Ecological Applications
• Main Authors: Fernández-Chacón, Albert, Villegas Ríos, David, Moland, Even, Baskett, Marissa L., Olsen, Esben Moland, Carlson, Stephanie M.
• Other Authors: European Commission, Villegas-Ríos, David, Carlson, Stephane M.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Ecological Society of America 2020
• Subjects: Capture–recapture; Fisheries-induced selection; Lobster; Marine protected areas; Size structure; Skagerrak; Survival; Vital rates; Norway; European lobster; Homarus gammarus
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/216996; https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2108; https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780

14 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Harvest mortality typically truncates the harvested species' size structure, thereby reducing phenotypic complexity, which can lead to reduced population productivity, increased population variability, and selection on an array of life history traits that can further alter these demographic processes. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a potential tool to protect older, larger individuals and therefore mitigate such ecological and evolutionary effects of harvest, depending on the degree of connectivity among areas. Such MPA protection relies on a shift in size-dependent mortality, the measurement of which can therefore serve as an early indicator of whether MPAs might achieve the desired longer-term ecological and evolutionary responses. We directly measured MPA effects on size-selective mortality and associated size structure using mark–recapture data on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) collected at three MPA–control area pairs in southern Norway during one decade (n = 5,943). Mark–recapture modeling, accounting for variation in recapture probabilities, revealed (1) that annual mean survival was higher inside MPAs (0.592) vs. control areas (0.298) and (2) that significant negative relationships between survival and body size occurred at the control areas but not the MPAs, where the effect of body size was predominantly positive. Additionally, we found (3) that mean and maximum body size increased over time inside MPAs but not in control areas. Overall, our results suggest that MPAs can rebuild phenotypic complexity (i.e., size structure) and provide protection from harvest selection Tagging of lobsters and fieldwork was supported by the Institute of Marine Research through long term funding for MPA monitoring in Skagerrak. Manuscript preparation was funded by the Research ...