| Summary: | 3rd Biennial Arctic Observing Summit (AOS), 12-18 March 2016, Fairbanks, Alaska.-- 6 pages, 1 table More than one hundred countries around the world have cryospheric elements, where frozen water in various forms dominates the earth’s changing systems. These are the “Cold Regions” that include the Arctic, Antarctic, high-latitude oceans, the Himalaya-Third Poleregion, high-altitude alpine (mountain) areas, and even some parts of the mid-latitudes. They are the most ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas to global and regional environmental change. The changes to these areas comprehensively affect the dynamic Earth system, impacting many aspects of society in all parts of the world. Recent scientific research is making it increasingly clear that “What happens in the poles doesn’t stay in the poles”[1, 2, 4]. [.] Peer Reviewed
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