Integrating aquatic and terrestrial biogeochemical model to predict effects of reservoir creation on CO2 emissions

• Main Authors: Wang, Weifeng, Roulet, Nigel T., Kim, Youngil, Strachan, Ian B., Giorgio, Paul, Prairie, Yves T., Tremblay, Alain
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: 2018
• Subjects: Canada; Eastmain
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-100; https://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/bg-2016-100/

There is considerable debate on the role of hydroelectric reservoirs for the emission of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases. To quantify CO 2 emissions from a newly created reservoir that was formed by flooding the boreal landscape we developed a daily time-step reservoir model by integrating a terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem model. We calibrated the model using the measurements of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (C) in a ~ 600 km 2 boreal hydroelectric reservoir, Eastmain-1, in northern Quebec, Canada. A major constraint we dealt with is the dearth of basic environmental data for the Boreal region so we took a parsimonious approach for required inputs. We then evaluated the model performance against observed CO 2 fluxes data from an eddy covariance tower in the middle of the EM-1 reservoir for the period from 2006 to 2012 and compared internal variables such as water column respiration, chlorophyll-a concentration, and sedimentation rate to measurements from field campaigns during 2006–2008. The model predicted the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO 2 emissions reasonably well compared to the observations. Discrepancies between simulation results and observations usually occurred near ice-off dates when there was large amount of dissolved CO 2 under ice-cover. We applied the model to assess the effects of reservoir creation on C dynamics over the estimated “engineering” reservoir lifetime (i.e., 100 years). We found that the reservoir acts as a net C source over its lifetime and simulated CO 2 fluxes were 204 g C m −2 yr −1 in the first year after flooding, steeply declined in the first three years, and then steadily decreased to ~110 g C m −2 yr −1 with increasing reservoir age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the amount of terrestrial organic C flooded and oxygen effects can positively enhance benthic respiration and CO 2 fluxes across air–water interface, but the effects on CO 2 emissions were not significant. Higher temperatures dramatically stimulate CO 2 emissions by enhancing CO 2 production in both the water column and the sediment, and extending the duration of the open water period over which emissions can occur. Changing wind speeds had large uncertainties on annual CO 2 emissions, given that wind speeds not only affect the gas transfer rate but also the open water period by affecting the surface energy balance. The model is useful for the estimation of CO 2 emissions from reservoirs to the atmosphere and could be used to assist the hydro-power industry and others interested in emissions evaluate the role of boreal reservoirs as sources of greenhouse gas emissions.