| Summary: | 1. We followed microbial and other planktonic communities during a 4-month period (February–May) in 12 outdoor flow-through mesocosms designed to elucidate the effect of global warming and nutrient enrichment. The mesocosms were established in 2003. 2. Warming had a smaller effect than nutrients on the biomass of the microbial and planktonic communities, and warming and nutrients together exhibited complex interactions. 3. We did not find direct effects of warming on the biomass of bacterioplankton or ciliates; however, warming significantly added to the positive effect of nutrients on these organisms and on heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). No warming effects on any of the other planktonic groups analysed were detected. 4. The zooplankton: phytoplankton biomass ratio was lowest, and the HNF: bacteria and rotifer: bacteria biomass ratios highest in the heated, nutrient-rich mesocosms. We attribute this to higher fish predation on large-bodied zooplankton, releasing the predation on HNF and competition for rotifers. 5. The proportion of phytoplankton to the total plankton biomass increased with nutrients, but decreased with warming. The opposite pattern was observed for the proportion of phytoplankton to the total microbial biomass. 6. As climate warming may lead to eutrophication, major changes may occur in the pelagic food web and the microbial community due to changes in trophic state and in combination with warming. Fil: Özen, Arda. Middle East Technical University. Department of Biology. Limnology Laboratory; Turquía. Ataturk University. Faculty of Science. Department of Biology; Turquía Fil: Sorf, Michal. University Of South Bohemia; República Checa Fil: Trochine, Carolina. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Liboriussen, Lone. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca Fil: Beklioglu, Meryem. Middle East Technical University. Department of Biology. Limnology Laboratory; Turquía Fil: Søndergaard, Martin. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Lauridsen, Torben L. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research; China Fil: Johansson, Liselotte S. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research; China Fil: Jeppesen, Erik. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience; Dinamarca. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research; China. Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Greenland Climate Research Centre; Groenlandia
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