| Summary: | 2020 Spring. Includes bibliographical references. The consequences of the rapid warming of the Arctic and associated sea ice loss on the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation is still largely debated. The uncertainty in the circulation response stems from a poor understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms of the remote response, regional and seasonal differences, differences between models and experimental set-ups, the large internal variability of the system, and the short observational record. This research seeks to address some of this uncertainty, specifically the uncertainty related to the physical mechanisms, regionality, and modeling differences. The wintertime Northern Hemisphere eddy-driven jet streams over the North Pacific and North Atlantic basins exhibit differing responses to Arctic warming and sea ice loss in a fully coupled climate model. In the North Atlantic the jet weakens, narrows along the poleward flank, and shifts slightly equatorward. This response is similar to previous studies examining the Northern Hemisphere zonal mean jet response. In contrast, the North Pacific jet strengthens and extends eastward in response to Arctic sea ice loss, with no change in latitude, and narrows slightly along the poleward flank. In both cases, there are high latitude anomalous easterlies in the region of sea ice loss, where the local surface temperature gradients are weakening. This can lead to changes in locations and frequency of wave-breaking, thus leading to changes in the mean zonal winds further south, in the vicinity of the jet. This work relates the differing changes in the North Pacific and North Atlantic to these changes in wave-breaking in a simplified atmospheric model, and posits that the location of the jet relative to the region of Arctic sea ice loss is a dominant factor in determining the mean jet response to the sea ice loss and local warming. Changes in the mean wintertime Northern Hemisphere midlatitude zonal winds are found to be indicative of changes to the ...
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