Planetary and Space Science 5 r

and mid-latitude surface processes 10Ma ago. Conditions favoring an active layer are not predicted to be common in the next 10Ma. The much higher obliquity excursions 1973; Pewe, 1991), where the year-average surface tem-perature is below the water freezing point (e.g., Williams hundreds of meters t...

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http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3229.pdf
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Summary:and mid-latitude surface processes 10Ma ago. Conditions favoring an active layer are not predicted to be common in the next 10Ma. The much higher obliquity excursions 1973; Pewe, 1991), where the year-average surface tem-perature is below the water freezing point (e.g., Williams hundreds of meters thick (e.g., Brown, 1970). The upper meter(s)-thick layer of the ground in permafrost regions can undergo a yearly freezing and thawing cycle; this is ARTICLE IN PRESSknown as the active layer (Fig. 1) (Miller and Black, 2003). In the spring, a thawing wave propagates downwards into the permafrost and in the fall and early winter, a freezing