| Summary: | Altimetry is probably one of the most powerful tools for the observation of ice sheets. The topography is one of the pertinent parameters related to the processes acting on ice sheets. Because it is a free surface, it description strongly helps in ice modelling. From the global scale to the km-scale, the topography hides the signature of the physical processes as well as the one of external forcing. With a careful analysis of the steady state topography one can detect the signature of the longitudinal stress, the boundary condition effects, the upslope anomaly of the outlet glaciers, the rheological properties … One can also detect clear features that are not yet explained, such as the 250km undulations or double network of small-scale
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