| Summary: | 18 July 2014 unprecedented pressures resulting from human development, including increases in temperatures and atmospheric carbon diox-ide (CO2) concentrations, changes in terrestrial runoff, and intense and subs experience transitions in temperature, pH, and other chemical param crossing distinct geochemical thresholds beginning this (Fabry et al., 2009; Steinacher et al., 2009; Mathis et al., in Cross et al., 2013). Ocean acidification (OA), the term used to describe the progressive decrease in marine pH and carbonate ion concentration driven by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, is a global phenomenon with localized effects on marine species. These effects are predominantly negative, although there is some variability within species groups (Barton et al., 2012; Kroeker et al., 2013a; Whittmann and Pörtner, 2013). Many of the marine
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