Measurement of sound speed vs. depth in South Pole ice for neutrino astronomy

We have measured the speed of both pressure waves and shear waves as a function of depth between 80 and 500 m depth in South Pole ice with better than 1% precision. The measurements were made using the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS), an array of transmitters and sensors deployed in the ice a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Astroparticle Physics
Main Authors: Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Ackermann, Markus, Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Andeen, K., Auffenberg, J., Bai, X., Baker, Mark D., Barwick, S. W., Bay, R., Bazo Alba, J. L., Beattie, K., Beatty, J. J., Bechet, S., Becker, J. K., Becker, K.-H., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berdermann, J., Berghaus, P., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Bertrand, D., Besson, D. Z., Bissok, M., Blaufuss, E., Boersma, D. J., Bohm, C., Bolmont, J., Böser, S., Botner, O., Bradley, L., Braun, J., Breder, D., Castermans, T., Chirkin, D., Christy, B., Clem, J., Cohen, S., Cowen, D. F., d'Agostino, M. V., Danninger, M., Day, C. T., de Clercq, C., Demirörs, L., Depaepe, O., Descamps, F., Desiati, P., de Vries-Uiterweerd, G., Deyoung, T., Diaz-Velez, J. C., Dreyer, J., Dumm, J. P., Duvoort, M. R., Edwards, W. R., Ehrlich, R., Eisch, J., Ellsworth, R. W., Engdegård, O., Euler, S., Evenson, P. A., Fadiran, O., Fazely, A. R., Feusels, T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Foerster, M. M., Fox, B. D., Franckowiak, A., Franke, R., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Ganugapati, R., Gerhardt, L., Gladstone, L., Goldschmidt, A., Goodman, J. A., Gozzini, R., Grant, D., Griesel, T., Gross, A., Grullon, S., Gunasingha, R. M., Gurtner, M., Ha, C., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Han, K., Hanson, K., Hasegawa, Y., Heise, J., Helbing, K., Herquet, P., Hickford, S., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoshina, K., Hubert, D., Huelsnitz, W., Hülss, J.-P., Hulth, P. O., Hultqvist, K., Hussain, S., Imlay, R. L., Inaba, M., Ishihara, A., Jacobsen, J., Japaridze, G. S., Johansson, H., Joseph, J. M., Kampert, K.-H., Kappes, A., Karg, T., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kenny, P., Kiryluk, J., Kislat, F., Klein, S. R., Klepser, S., Knops, S., Kohnen, G., Kolanoski, H., Köpke, L., Kowalski, M., Kowarik, T., Krasberg, M., Kuehn, K., Kuwabara, T., Labare, M., Lafebre, S., Laihem, K., Landsman, H., Lauer, R., Leich, H., Lennarz, D., Lucke, A., Lundberg, J., Lünemann, J., Madsen, Jens, Majumdar, P., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., Matis, H. S., Mcparland, C. P., Meagher, K., Merck, M., Mészáros, P., Middell, E., Milke, N., Miyamoto, H., Mohr, A., Montaruli, T., Morse, R., Movit, S. M., Münich, K., Nahnhauer, R., Nam, J. W., Niessen, P., Nygren, D. R., Odrowski, S., Olivas, A., Olivo, M., Ono, M., Panknin, S., Patton, S., Pérez de Los Heros, C., Petrovic, J., Piegsa, A., Pieloth, D., Pohl, A. C., Porrata, R., Potthoff, N., Price, P. B., Prikockis, M., Przybylski, G. T., Rawlins, K., Redl, P., Resconi, E., Rhode, W., Ribordy, M., Rizzo, A., Rodrigues, J. P., Roth, P., Rothmaier, F., Rott, C., Roucelle, C., Rutledge, D., Ryckbosch, D., Sander, H.-G., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Schlenstedt, S., Schmidt, T., Schneider, D., Schukraft, A., Schulz, O., Schunck, M., Seckel, D., Semburg, B., Seo, S. H., Sestayo, Y., Seunarine, S., Silvestri, A., Slipak, A., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stephens, G., Stezelberger, T., Stokstad, R. G., Stoufer, M. C., Stoyanov, S., Strahler, E. A., Straszheim, T., Sulanke, K.-H., Sullivan, G. W., Swillens, Q., Taboada, I., Tarasova, O., Tepe, A., Ter-Antonyan, S., Terranova, C., Tilav, S., Tluczykont, M., Toale, P. A., Tosi, D., Turčan, D., van Eijndhoven, N., Vandenbroucke, J., van Overloop, A., Vogt, C., Voigt, B., Walck, C., Waldenmaier, T., Walter, M., Wendt, C., Westerhoff, S., Whitehorn, N., Wiebusch, C. H., Wiedemann, A., Wikström, G., Williams, D. R., Wischnewski, R., Wissing, H., Woschnagg, K., Xu, X. W., Yodh, G., Yoshida, S.
Other Authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: HAL CCSD 2010
Subjects:
Online Access:https://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00706875
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASTROPARTPHYS.2010.01.012
Description
Summary:We have measured the speed of both pressure waves and shear waves as a function of depth between 80 and 500 m depth in South Pole ice with better than 1% precision. The measurements were made using the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS), an array of transmitters and sensors deployed in the ice at the South Pole in order to measure the acoustic properties relevant to acoustic detection of astrophysical neutrinos. The transmitters and sensors use piezoceramics operating at ˜5-25 kHz. Between 200 m and 500 m depth, the measured profile is consistent with zero variation of the sound speed with depth, resulting in zero refraction, for both pressure and shear waves. We also performed a complementary study featuring an explosive signal propagating vertically from 50 to 2250 m depth, from which we determined a value for the pressure wave speed consistent with that determined for shallower depths, higher frequencies, and horizontal propagation with the SPATS sensors. The sound speed profile presented here can be used to achieve good acoustic source position and emission time reconstruction in general, and neutrino direction and energy reconstruction in particular. The reconstructed quantities could also help separate neutrino signals from background.