| Summary: | Sufficient toxicokinetic data on humans in vivo [Benowitz et al. 1991; Gorsline et al. 1992; D'Alesandro et al. 2001; Onuki et al. 2003] and in vitro [Zorin et al. 1999; Pongjanyajul et al. 2000] and data on animals [Shah et al. 1981; Matsushima et al. 1995] demonstrate that nicotine is readily absorbed through the skin and is systemically available. Acute dermal toxicity studies [Gaines 1969], epidemiological studies [Ghosh et al. 1986; Ballard et al. 1995; Arcury et al. 2003; Trape-Cardoso et al 2003; Ang et al. 2005], and developmental toxicity studies in rats [Witschi et al. 1994] indicate that nicotine is systemically available and toxic, with the potential to cause a variety of diverse symptoms secondary to effects on the nervous system, cerebrovascular disease with prolonged exposure, and developmental effects such as pregnancy loss. Dermatitis and irritation observed in humans [Berner et al. 1990; Bircher et al. 1991; Greenland et al. 1998; Gourlay et al. 1999; Berlin et al. 2014] provide sufficient evidence that nicotine has the potential to be a skin irritant. Several studies using transdermal nicotine therapy [Eichelberg et al. 1989; Bircher et al. 1991; Transdermal Nicotine Study Group 1991; Vincenzi et al. 1993; Dwyer and Forsyth 1994] also provide sufficient evidence that nicotine can cause skin sensitization in humans. Therefore, on the basis of these assessments, nicotine is assigned a composite skin notation of SK: SYSDIR (IRR)-SEN. Table 3 summarizes the skin hazard designations for nicotine previously issued by NIOSH and other organizations. The equivalent dermal designation for nicotine, according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, is Acute Toxicity Category 1 (Hazard statement: Fatal in contact with the skin) [European Parliament 2008]. Suggested citation: NIOSH [2015]. NIOSH skin notation profile: Nicotine. By Hudson NL, Dotson GS. Cincin- nati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2015-234. NIOSHTIC No 20046850 f15_snp_2015-234.pdf
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