Sea water freezing modes in a natural convection system

• Published in: Journal of Fluid Mechanics
• Main Authors: Du, Yihong, Wang, Ziqi, Jiang, Linfeng, Calzavarini, Enrico, Sun, Chao
• Other Authors: Unité de Mécanique de Lille - ULR 7512 (UML), Université de Lille, Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tsinghua University Beijing (THU)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2023
• Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics]; [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-04147667; https://hal.science/hal-04147667/document; https://hal.science/hal-04147667/file/2303.01945.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.215

Sea ice is crucial in many natural processes and human activities. Understanding the dynamical couplings between the inception, growth and equilibrium of sea ice and the rich fluid mechanical processes occurring at its interface and interior is of relevance in many domains, ranging from geophysics to marine engineering. Here we investigate experimentally the complete freezing process of water with dissolved salt in a standard natural convection system, i.e. the prototypical Rayleigh–Bénard cell. Due to the presence of a mushy phase, the studied system is considerably more complex than the freezing of fresh water in the same conditions (Wang et al. , Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol. 118, issue 10, 2021, e2012870118). We measure the ice thickness and porosity at the dynamical equilibrium state for different initial salinities of the solution and temperature gaps across the cell. These observables are non-trivially related to the controlling parameters of the system as they depend on the heat transport mode across the cell. We identify in the experiments five out of the six possible modes of heat transport. We highlight the occurrence of brine convection through the mushy ice and of penetrative convection in stably stratified liquid underlying the ice. A one-dimensional multi-layer heat flux model built on the known scaling relations of global heat transport in natural convection systems in liquids and porous media is proposed. Given the measured porosity of the ice, it allows us to predict the corresponding ice thickness, in a unified framework.