| Summary: | Ocean acidification has been predicted to reduce the ability of marine organisms to produce carbonate skeletons, threatening their long-term viability and severely impacting marine ecosystems. Corals, as ecosystem engineers, have been identified as particularly vulnerable and important. To determine the sensitivity of corals and allied taxa to long-term exposure to very low carbonate concentrations, we examined the distribution and skeletal characteristics of coral taxa along a natural deep-sea concentration gradient on seamounts of SW Australia. Carbonate under-saturation had little evident effect on the depth distribution, growth or skeletal composition of live scleractinians or gorgonians, with corals growing, often abundantly, in waters as much as 20 to 30% under-saturated. Developmental anomalies in the deepest skeleton-forming anthozoan collected (an isidid gorgonian, at nearly 4 km depth) suggest an absolute low tolerance limit of about 40% under-saturation. Evidence for an effect of acidification on the accumulation of reef structure is ambiguous, with clear indications of dissolution of high-magnesium calcite (HMC) gorgonian skeletons at depths below 2300 m, but also abundant, old scleractinian skeletons well below the aragonite saturation horizon. The latter might be the result of ferromanganese deposition on exposed skeletons, which, however, may render them inhospitable for benthic organisms. © 2011 Inter-Research. Submitted: December 23, 2010; Accepted: September 15, 2011. Proofs received from author(s): November 15, 2011. We thank E. Anagnostou, A. Beck, W. Cho, A. Gagnon, K. Gowlett-Holmes, S. John, A. Kennedy, H. Kippo, N. Meckler, D. Mills, D. Staples, A. Subhas and N. Thiagarajan; the crews of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) 'ABE', the ROY 'Jason' and the RVs 'Thomas T. Thompson' and 'Southern Surveyor' for their professional assistance in the field; P. Alderslade, S. Cairns, D. Fautin, K. Gowlett-Holmes, F. McEnnulty and K. Moore for taxonomic assistance; A. Agron. K. Berry, E. ...
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