Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: Results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)-Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4)

• Published in: Climate of the Past
• Main Authors: Otto-Bliesner, Bette L., Brady, Esther C., Zhao, Anni, Brierley, Chris M., Axford, Yarrow L., Capron, Émilie, Govin, Aline, Hoffman, Jeremy S., Isaacs, Elizabeth, Kageyama, Masa, Scussolini, P., Tzedakis, P. C., Williams, Charles J.R., Wolff, Eric W., Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Braconnot, Pascalé, Ramos Buarque, Silvana, Cao, Jian, de Vernal, Anne, Vittoria Guarino, Maria, Guo, Chuncheng, Legrande, Allegra N., Lohmann, Gerrit, Meissner, Katrin J., Menviel, Laurie C., Morozova, Polina A., Nisancioglu, Kerim H., O'Ishi, Ryouta, Mélia, David Salas Y., Shi, Xiaoxu, Sicard, Marie, Sime, Louise Claire, Stepanek, Christian, Tomas, Robert A., Volodin, Evgenii Mikhailovich, Yeung, Nicholas K.H., Zhang, Qiong, Zhang, Zhongshi, Zheng, Weipeng
• Other Authors: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), National Science Foundation, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 1852977 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/S009736/1 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO: ALWOP.164 Sorbonne Université California Earthquake Authority, CEA Carlsbergfondet École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Royal Society Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES 742224 European Research Council, ERC NE/P01903X/1, ANR-18-BELM-0001-06 312979 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS RSF Social Finance: 20-17-00190 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/P013279/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-07213, 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, ARCS: JPMXD1300000000 JPMXD1420318865 Australian Research Council, ARC: FT180100606 2016YFC1401401 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS: XDB42000000, XDA19060102 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC: 0148-2019-0009 National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 91958201and 41376002 National Science Foundation, NSF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, SCNAT National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR, Acknowledgements. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Robert Tomas acknowledge the CESM project, which is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Chris M. Brierley acknowledges the financial support of the Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/S009736/1. Anni Zhao and Chris M. Brierley would like to thank Rachel Eyles for her sterling work curating the local replica of the PMIP archive at UCL., Charles J. R. Williams acknowledges the financial support of the UK Natural Environment Research Council-funded SWEET project (Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures), research grant NE/P01903X/1, and the financial support of the Belmont-funded PACMEDY (PAlaeo-Constraints on Monsoon Evolution and Dynamics) project. Aline Govin acknowledges the support of the French national program LEFE/INSU (CircLIG project) and of the Belmont-funded ACCEDE project (ANR-18-BELM-0001-06). Eric Wolff has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 program research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 742224, WACSWAIN). Eric Wolff is also funded by a Royal Society Professorship. Paolo Scussolini acknowledges funding from the NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) under grant ALWOP.164. Emilie Capron acknowledges financial support from the ChronoCli-mate project, funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. Pascale Bra-connot and Masa Kageyama acknowledge the HPC resources of TGCC allocated to the IPSL CMIP6 project by GENCI (Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif) under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492, and 2018-R0040110492 (project gencmip6). This work was undertaken in the framework of the LABEX L-IPSL and the IPSL Climate Graduate School, under the “Investissements d’avenir” program with the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006. This study benefited from the ES-PRI (Ensemble de Services Pour la Recherche à l’IPSL) computing and data center (https://mesocentre.ipsl.fr, last access: 22 December 2020), which is supported by CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, and CNES and through national and international projects, including the EU-FP7 Infrastructure project IS-ENES2 (grant no. 312979). Marie Sicard is funded by a scholarship from CEA and “Convention des Services Climatiques” from IPSL., Laurie Menviel acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council FT180100606. The ACCESS-ESM 1.5 experiments were performed on Raijin at the NCI National Facility at the Australian National University, through awards under the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme, the Intersect allocation scheme, and the UNSW HPC at NCI Scheme. Qiong Zhang acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant nos. 2013-06476 and 2017-04232). The EC-Earth simulations are performed on ECMWF’s computing and archive facilities and on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2016-07213. Weipeng Zheng acknowledges the financial support from National Key R&D Program for Developing Basic Sciences (grant no. 2016YFC1401401), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant nos. XDA19060102 and XDB42000000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 91958201and 41376002), and the technical support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (EarthLab). Maria Vittoria Guarino and Louise Sime acknowledge the financial support of the NERC research grant NE/P013279/1. Silvana Ramos Buarque and David Salas y Mélia acknowledge Météo-France/DSI for providing computing and data storage resources. Xiaoxu Shi and Christian Stepanek acknowledge computing and data storage resources for the generation of the AWI-ESM-1/AWI-ESM-2 and MPI-ESM-1-2 simulations of Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1066. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg is acknowledged for development and provision of the MPI-ESM as well as the ECHAM6/JSBACH, which provides the atmosphere and land surface component of AWI-ESM. Gerrit Lohmann acknowledges funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding by the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM and the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Xiaoxu Shi acknowledges financial support through the BMBF funded PACMEDY and PalMOD initiatives. Ayako Abe-Ouchi and Ryouta O’ishi acknowledge the financial support from Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project (grant JPMXD1300000000), Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (grant no. JPMXD1420318865), JSPS KAKENHI grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant 17H06323, and the support from JAMSTEC for the use of the Earth Simulator supercomputer. Polina A. Morozova was supported by the state assignment project 0148-2019-0009. Evgeny Volodin was supported by RSF grant 20-17-00190., The authors acknowledge QUIGS (Quaternary Interglacials), a working group of Past Global Changes (PAGES), which in turn received support from the US National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We are grateful to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6., Financial support. Funding of the publication has been supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977., ANR-17-EURE-0006,IPSL-CGS,IPSL Climate graduate school(2017)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2021
• Subjects: [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces; environment; Arctic; North Atlantic; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-03127488; https://hal.science/hal-03127488/document; https://hal.science/hal-03127488/file/cp-17-63-2021.pdf; https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021

International audience The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes. New to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) is the Tier 1 Last Interglacial experiment for 127 000 years ago (lig127k), designed to address the climate responses to stronger orbital forcing than the mid- Holocene experiment, using the same state-of-the-art models as for the future and following a common experimental protocol. Here we present a first analysis of a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, all of which have completed the CMIP6 DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) experiments. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of these models varies from 1.8 to 5.6 C. The seasonal character of the insolation anomalies results in strong summer warming over the Northern Hemisphere continents in the lig127k ensemble as compared to the CMIP6 piControl and much-reduced minimum sea ice in the Arctic. The multi-model results indicate enhanced summer monsoonal precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere and reductions in the Southern Hemisphere. These responses are greater in the lig127k than the CMIP6 midHolocene simulations as expected from the larger insolation anomalies at 127 than 6 ka. New synthesis for surface temperature and precipitation, targeted for 127 ka, have been developed for comparison to the multi-model ensemble. The lig127k model ensemble and data reconstructions are in good agreement for summer temperature anomalies over Canada, Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic and for precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere continents. The model-data comparisons and mismatches point to further study of the sensitivity of the simulations to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and of the uncertainties and sparse coverage in current proxy reconstructions. The CMIP6-Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) lig127k simulations, in combination with the ...