| Summary: | Funding Information: The authors are grateful for financial support from the Academy of Finland through the projects (309830) Ice Block Breakage: Experiments and Simulations (ICEBES), and (348586) WindySea: Modelling Engine to Design, Assess Environmental Impacts, and Operate Wind Farms for Ice-covered Waters. MP gratefully acknowledges the Jenny and Antti Wihuri foundation, and the Finnish Maritime Foundation for financial support. The authors wish to acknowledge CSC – IT Center for Science, Finland, for computational resources under the project (2000971) Mechanics and Fracture of Ice. The authors also wish to thank Prof. Knut Høyland for providing direct shear box experiment data. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Lulea University of Technology. All rights reserved. This paper studies ice block breakage during shearing of ice rubble by using discrete element method simulations with a block breakage model. In the case of ice rubble, breakage is the tendency of ice blocks failing due to loads acting on them. Block breakage often plays an important role in force transmission through granular materials, yet it has not been thoroughly studied in the context of ice rubble. In this research, direct shear box experiments on ice rubble were simulated with and without the block breakage model and the simulation results were compared with experiments. Our results indicate that accounting for breakage improves the accuracy of the DEM simulations. Moreover, in our case, shear strength of the ice rubble decreased about 15% when the blocks are allowed to break in the simulations. Peer reviewed
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