| Summary: | Funding Information: The first author gratefully acknowledges financial support from K. Albin Johanssons stiftelse s.The paper’s content is part of the firsr author's doctoral thesis at Aalto University. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Lulea University of Technology. All rights reserved. Estimating ship resistance in ice ridges requires an understanding of ridge failure processes. A three-dimensional discrete element method is used to study a ship passing through a small unconsolidated ridge with a triangular cross-section and the resulting velocity field and force distribution inside the ridge. The kinetic behavior of ice blocks within the ridge suggests a gradual failure process, not a sudden failure. The velocity field shows fast-moving ice blocks near the ship bow, and stationary or slow-moving blocks further away. Loads within the ridge were transmitted through force chains. No unique shear planes were observed. Peer reviewed
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