| Summary: | This dataset includes spatially averaged profiles of temperature and salinity from observations (annual mean) and thirteen climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6, monthly mean) in four regions of the Arctic Ocean: The Eastern Eurasian Basin (EEB), the Western Eurasian Basin (WEB), the Chukchi Sea (CS), and the Beaufort Gyre (BG). The observations span the period 1970-2017, and the simulations cover the last 45 years of the historical CMIP6 experiment from 1970-2014. This dataset was produced for the publication Muilwijk et al. 2022 (citation below). The observational data is an updated version of the archive previously used by, e.g., Polyakov et al. 2020 (citation below) to investigate long-term Arctic variability and halocline stability. The dataset includes conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) data from various Russian, American, Canadian, and European ship and aircraft expeditions, year-round crewed drift stations, autonomous drifters, and submarine data. Salinity is provided in practical salinity units (psu), temperature as potential temperature, and depth in meters. Profiles are linearly interpolated and provided as annual averages. Be aware of some instabilities and spikes as a result from spatial averaging. Further detail on temporal and spatial coverage, data processing, and accuracy is given in the supplementary material of Polyakov et al. 2020. More information and additional data are available on request to author I.V. Polyakov. Simulated profiles are calculated from model variables “thetao” and “so” and provided on the model’s native vertical grid. The original model output that the profiles are derived from is publicly available from the Earth System Grid Federation at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/. Details on the models and references to the model description publications are given in Muilwijk et al. 2022. All data is stored in netcdf format with metadata included in the file. Polyakov, I. V., Alkire, M. B., Bluhm, B. A., Brown, K. A., Carmack, E. C., Chierici, M., ... & Wassmann, P. (2020). Borealization of the Arctic Ocean in response to anomalous advection from sub-Arctic seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00491 Muilwijk, M., Nummelin, A., Heuzé, C., Polyakov, I. V., Zanowski, H., & Smedsrud, L.H. (2022). Divergence in Climate Model Projections of Future Arctic Atlantification. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0349.1
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