Convergent evolution: A new subfamily for bipaliin‐like Chilean land planarians (platyhelminthes)

Abstract The monotypic genus of land planarians Timyma (Rhynchodeminae, Geoplanidae) has been suggested to be a relict that could reflect a pre‐Tertiary Antarctic connection between South America and Australia and New Zealand. Two species belonging to this genus, Timyma juliae E. M. Froehlich, 1978...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Zoologica Scripta
Main Authors: Almeida, Ana Laura, Francoy, Tiago Maurício, Álvarez‐Presas, Marta, Carbayo, Fernando
Other Authors: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2021
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Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12479
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/zsc.12479
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/zsc.12479
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Summary:Abstract The monotypic genus of land planarians Timyma (Rhynchodeminae, Geoplanidae) has been suggested to be a relict that could reflect a pre‐Tertiary Antarctic connection between South America and Australia and New Zealand. Two species belonging to this genus, Timyma juliae E. M. Froehlich, 1978 and Timyma olmuensis Almeida & Carbayo sp. n., are (re)described herein. Both species present ventral testes and a semilunate headplate, the same as the members of the Oriental subfamily Bipaliinae. Timyma olmuensis Almeida & Carbayo sp. n. is studied by means of an integrative approach. Two nuclear gene fragments (28S, EF) and a mitochondrial gene fragment (COI) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses pointed out that Timyma is the sister–group of the Neotropical Geoplaninae and is phylogenetically distant from Bipaliinae, contradicting the hypothesis of Timyma as a South American relict of a Gondwanan taxon. These results indicate that the headplate evolved independently in Timyma and Bipaliinae. Morphological data reinforce this view. Accordingly, Timyminae subfam. n. is proposed for Timyma and a new diagnosis for the genus is proposed.